Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing (U.S., NAICS 3351)

A Histometrics rollup primer for public-market and private investors.

NAICS is the North American Industry Classification System, the standard the U.S. government uses to group businesses. This is the four-digit industry group 3351 — Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing. It contains exactly one five-digit industry, 33513, so this level and that child are effectively the same thing. This page is a short signpost: it explains why the two levels coincide, gives this level's own ground-truth federal figures, and points you to the full 33513 primer for the detail.

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1. Overview

This is the U.S. industry that makes everything that lights a building or a street — the bulbs and lamps that produce the light and the fixtures ("luminaires") that hold and aim it, from a bedroom chandelier to a warehouse high-bay to a city streetlight. It is a branded specialty-manufacturing business: the money is in design, engineering, brand, specification relationships, and increasingly controls and software, not in bent metal or blown glass [1]. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) put a number on that — 89% of the value added in a domestically manufactured LED luminaire is attributable to the United States, even though the LED chip inside it is almost certainly Asian [2].

For an investor the single most useful fact is that the whole ~$15 billion domestic industry offers essentially one investable-scale U.S.-listed pure-play (Acuity), one foreign global leader (Signify), and two listed satellites small enough to be rounding errors beside it — LSI (small-cap) and Orion Energy Systems (micro-cap). Almost everything else is private, private-equity-owned, foreign-owned, or a slice of a diversified company. LED (light-emitting diode) is the technology that reshaped the entire field [1].

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2. What's inside — why this level equals its one child

NAICS nests four-digit "industry groups" above five-digit "industries." Most groups hold several industries; this one holds just one. Industry group 3351 contains only industry 33513, which in turn splits into three sub-industries: residential fixtures (335131), commercial/industrial/institutional fixtures (335132), and bulbs plus other lighting equipment (335139) [1].

Because 33513 is the sole child, every dollar, firm, factory, and worker in 3351 is the same dollar, firm, factory, and worker in 33513 — the two levels are numerically identical. The only reason both codes exist is that NAICS keeps a complete four-digit → five-digit ladder even when a rung has a single occupant. What that one child now shows is where the level's money actually sits: commercial fixtures are the largest piece at $6.95 billion of 2022 shipments (~45%), bulbs and other lighting equipment $5.53 billion (~36%), and residential fixtures $2.88 billion (~19%) — three figures that sum exactly to the level's $15.36 billion [1][3]. They also point in different directions: commercial is low-growth but cash-generative and consolidating, bulbs are a structurally shrinking and largely foreign-owned commodity, and residential is cyclical, housing-linked, and owned almost entirely by private equity and families [1].

One caveat that belongs at this level: the 2022 NAICS revision renumbered everything underneath it. Residential fixtures moved from 335121 to 335131 and commercial from 335122 to 335132 — code changes, not new industries — while 335139 is genuinely new, merged out of the old bulb code (335110) and "other lighting equipment" (335129); the Small Business Administration reported that 335129 supplied 82% of the firms and 74–75% of the combined receipts and employment [4]. That merger is why this group reads as a single five-digit industry today, and it means a pre-2022 "335139" does not exist and has to be rebuilt from two predecessors before any historical series is trustworthy.

Read the full detail in the 33513 primer. This page does not repeat it. What follows is only this level's own headline figures plus a compact investor summary.

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3. How big it is (this level's figures)

Our ground-truth federal figures for NAICS 3351 — identical, by construction, to 33513:

The level now decomposes cleanly. The three sub-industries' separately reported County Business Patterns figures sum exactly to the totals above — 256 + 453 + 312 establishments and 5,454 + 17,519 + 11,435 employees — so nothing is hiding between the rungs. Two things fall out of that split: commercial employs roughly half the level's people, and bulbs pay the most per head (~$80,000, against ~$69,300 in commercial) despite being the commodity end, a sign that what is left of U.S. lamp and specialty production is capital-intensive and technical rather than assembly labor [1][5]. As an independent cross-check, the Bureau of Labor Statistics counted 38,190 jobs in electric lighting equipment manufacturing (NAICS 335100) in May 2023 at a $23.55 median hourly wage [6] — above the County Business Patterns count, a reminder that federal series draw the boundary and the reference period differently. The gap between that median wage and the ~$73,500 average payroll per worker is itself informative: payroll here carries a large design, engineering, and commercial staff sitting above the production floor [1].

One structural quirk worth knowing at this level: the SBA's size ceilings here run from 600 to 1,250 employees, against an industry in which almost no firm is that large — so effectively every company in 3351 counts as "small" for federal contracting purposes [7].

The undercount caveat is large. Federal manufacturing statistics measure only what U.S. factories ship; they do not capture imports — and the U.S. is a deeply import-dependent lighting market. Total U.S. lamp-and-fixture imports (customs heading HS 9405) ran roughly $9.17 billion in 2024, with China at about 37%, down from ~46% in 2022 as sourcing shifted to Vietnam, Cambodia, and Mexico [8]; an estimated ~90% of LED bulbs sold here are imported [9]; and private research pegs the overall U.S. lighting-fixtures market near $20 billion and the U.S. LED-lighting market near $11.8 billion in 2024 [10]. Read the ~$15 billion federal number as "the U.S. lighting factory floor," not "the U.S. lighting business" — the design, branding, importing, and retail value sits under other NAICS codes. The undercount is worst in residential fixtures and bulbs, where well-known "American" brands design here but build abroad, and where Savant closed GE Lighting's last U.S. bulb and glass plants (Bucyrus and Logan, Ohio) in 2022 [1].

Beware apples-to-oranges market sizings. IBISWorld puts all U.S. lighting-fixture manufacturing — residential plus commercial/industrial, excluding bulbs — at roughly $15.2 billion of 2025 revenue [11], close to the federal figure for this whole level including bulbs [3]; and the U.S. International Trade Commission found that a broad measure of U.S. fixture demand exceeded $18 billion in 2018, explicitly warning that it should not be conflated with narrow-industry manufacturing output [12]. These measures are not wrong; they count different things. What DOE's supply-chain work adds is where the counted value sits — 89% of a domestically manufactured LED luminaire's value added is U.S., concentrated in design, assembly, certification, and channel rather than in making the semiconductor [2].

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4. The investable universe (where value concentrates)

There is no clean pure-play basket, and access differs sharply within the child. Reserve tickers for this section. Value concentrates in commercial fixtures (335132) — the largest sub-industry and the only one with credible public access [1]:

• Acuity Inc. (NYSE: AYI) — the primary listed way to own U.S. lighting manufacturing; mostly commercial, now with a controls/software layer. ~$4.3 billion total revenue, with the lighting segment at $3,612.2 million on 45.8% gross and 16.4% operating margin (FY2025) [13].
• Signify N.V. (Euronext Amsterdam: LIGHT; OTC: SFFYY) — the global #1 and the closest public proxy for the bulb business (Philips lamps, Hue, Cooper); €5.8 billion of 2025 sales, down from €6.1 billion in 2024, roughly $2.2 billion of it U.S., with 144 million connected light points [16].
• LSI Industries (Nasdaq: LYTS) — a commercial small-cap satellite; $573.4 million total, lighting $248.4 million at ~12% operating margin (FY2025) [14].
• Orion Energy Systems (Nasdaq: OESX) — a micro-cap turnkey retrofit and maintenance model; LED-lighting revenue ~$47.7 million at 26.6% lighting gross margin (FY2025) [15].
• Adjacent proxies — Griffon (NYSE: GFF) for residential-décor ceiling fans; Energizer/Newell (NYSE: ENR / NWL) for portable lighting [1].

A telling pattern: the big diversified industrials left — Eaton sold Cooper Lighting to Signify, GE sold Current to American Industrial Partners and its lamp business to Savant, Hubbell sold its commercial lighting to GE Current and then exited residential by selling Progress Lighting, and Cree left lighting entirely. The real ownership now sits with private equity, families, and foreign owners — Visual Comfort and Coleto Brands (residential), Current/HLI Brands and Cree Lighting (commercial), and Chinese-owned Ledvance and Sylvania lamps plus the vast Chinese bulb cluster [1]. See the 33513 primer for the full ownership map.

What this stuff trades for. The child now carries enough disclosed marks to sketch a private-market range, and it clusters below one times sales: Hubbell's commercial and industrial lighting business, on roughly $515 million of 2020 sales, changed hands at about 0.65× sales; Progress Lighting sold for $131 million on $187.1 million of 2023 revenue (~0.70×); Kichler went for $125 million net of cash. At the top end, Cooper Lighting fetched $1.4 billion and Hunter Fan $845 million. Two cautions carried up from the child: 0.70× trailing sales is an observed transaction, not an industry multiple, and the two published figures for the Hubbell sale disagree — $332.8 million in the completion release against $350 million in the FY2021 10-K. The child reports both rather than picking, and so do we [1].

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5. How the money works

Owners here make money the way branded specialty manufacturers do — not the way a utility, a REIT, or a miner does. The mental model: revenue ≈ construction-and-renovation activity × specification/brand win-rate × price-and-mix; profit is defended by design, channel relationships, and a move up into controls and software [1].

Margins follow brand and mix, not tonnage — and the spread inside this single-child level is enormous. Acuity's lighting segment ran 45.8% gross and 16.4% operating margin on $3.6 billion of fiscal-2025 sales [13]; LSI's lighting operating margin was about 12% [14]; Orion's lighting gross margin 26.6% before corporate expenses [15]; and Signify's own segments span 4.8% (OEM components) to 16.1% (conventional lighting), evidence that a structurally declining legacy category can out-earn a more competitive electronics business after capacity rationalization [16]. Scale, specification position, and controls content explain the gap — not the factory. The channel is the moat: professional product is specification-driven (win the architect/engineer spec, sell through rep agents and electrical distributors), premium residential runs through the designer trade, and commodity product runs through big-box retail and Amazon, where buyers hold the pricing power. Two demand streams run on different cycles — cyclical new construction plus steadier, energy-payback-driven retrofit, which Acuity treats as roughly equal in addressable size [13] — and below Acuity's scale results are project-driven rather than trend-driven, with LSI's lighting sales down 5% and Orion's LED revenue down 22% in fiscal 2025 purely on large projects that did not repeat [14][15]. The level-wide story is value migrating from bare hardware to the system: controls, connectivity, the Internet of Things (IoT — networked sensors and data), and software. The runway is quantified — roughly two-thirds of U.S. commercial buildings still have no lighting control beyond a switch [17], while the global connected-lighting market was about $21.7 billion in 2024, growing ~20% a year [18].

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6. What drives demand

Three overlapping engines [1]:

• Construction cycles — non-residential building (offices, warehouses, data centers, schools, hospitals) and residential turnover. Consensus forecasts put non-residential building spending up only about 1.7% in 2025 and 1–2% in 2026, with data centers and warehouses strong and offices weak [20]; the U.S. started an estimated 1.359 million housing units in 2025, 0.6% below 2024 [21].
• Retrofit and energy efficiency (the most durable driver) — DOE counted 8.149 billion installed lamps and luminaires in U.S. residential and commercial buildings in 2020, with LEDs at roughly 48% of the installed base against 8% in 2015, consuming 244 TWh — about 14% of U.S. electricity. Commercial buildings alone held 1.6 billion installations, split roughly 47% LED against 48% linear fluorescent [19]. That remaining fluorescent base is the retrofit pipeline, and the forced fluorescent-to-LED conversion is the live near-term tailwind (see Regulation) [1].
• Controls, connectivity, and specialty niches — connected lighting (~$21.7 billion globally in 2024, ~20% annual growth) is the fastest-growing pocket and the main margin story [18]; Signify alone reported an installed base of 144 million connected light points [16]. Horticulture, UV-C disinfection, tunable lighting, and municipal smart-street conversions add specialty growth.

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7. Regulation

Lighting is lightly regulated as a business but tightly regulated as a product, and regulation is mostly a demand tailwind for efficient gear [1]:

• Federal efficiency standards — DOE enforces a 45-lumens-per-watt minimum for general-service lamps (effective August 2023) that ended most incandescent and halogen sales, with a step above 120 lm/W carrying a July 25, 2028 compliance date that would eliminate compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). Certain specialty lamps are carved out — a distinction routinely missed in market commentary [22].
• State fluorescent bans and mercury rules — California, Vermont, Colorado, Oregon, Rhode Island and others are banning mercury-containing tubes and CFLs (many from 2025), with Hawaii, Illinois, Minnesota, Maine and New York phasing in through 2029 under the Minamata Convention [23]. Spent fluorescent and HID lamps also fall under EPA universal-waste rules, so the legacy installed base carries an end-of-life liability alongside the replacement opportunity [24].
• Building energy codes and safety listings — ASHRAE 90.1, the International Energy Conservation Code (IECC), and California's Title 24 cap lighting power and mandate controls; fixtures need a safety listing (UL 1598 for fixed luminaires, UL 153 portable, UL 8750 for LED equipment) and, for rebates, DesignLights Consortium (DLC) qualification — required by roughly 700 utility and efficiency programs [25]. One recent subtraction: EPA sunset the general ENERGY STAR luminaires and lamps specifications at the end of 2024 because efficient lighting had become the market standard [24].
• Trade policy (the big swing) — Chinese lighting imports face a base most-favored-nation (MFN) duty of roughly 3.9% plus Section 301 tariffs (25% and layered increases), with combined burdens commonly cited around 30–50%+. Tariffs simultaneously raise input costs and shield domestic players — net effect hard to underwrite [8][9].

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8. Consolidation

The level looks less concentrated than its sub-industries because each sub-industry has a different leader, so no single firm sits atop all three [1]. Federal figures for the whole level (CR4 = share of receipts held by the top four firms; HHI = Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, where under 1,500 is "unconcentrated"):

The dilution is now measurable: within the child, top-four shares run 63.8% in residential, 38.1% in bulbs, and 34% in commercial (commercial HHI 388) — every one of them above the level's 26.2%, because aggregating three separately-led sub-industries flattens the picture [1][3]. The residential pattern is long-standing rather than new: the USITC found the top four firms already held 71% of residential-sector receipts in 2017, with small and medium enterprises accounting for 98% of firms but only 39% of receipts [12]. Add imports, and every effective competitive field is more crowded than the domestic figures suggest.

The consolidation story differs by sub-industry — big electricals exiting commercial, a changing of the guard to foreign and private owners in bulbs, and an active private-equity roll-up in residential. The common thread, and the clearest evidence operators believe it, is that differentiation is migrating to controls, connectivity, software, and brand — stickier and harder to import than bare hardware. Acuity spent roughly $1.2 billion on audio-visual controls firm QSC and bought ams OSRAM's North American Digital Systems business rather than compete harder on fixtures [1], while Signify's total sales shrank from €6.1 billion in 2024 to €5.8 billion in 2025 as conventional lighting declined faster than connected lighting grew [16]. Full detail is in the 33513 primer.

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9. Risks

Level-wide [1]:

• The LED longevity paradox — a good white LED runs 30,000–50,000 hours against roughly 1,000 for the incandescent it replaced [22], so the one-time retrofit wave pulls demand forward and permanently lengthens the replacement cadence (worst in bulbs). Integrated luminaires partly offset this by forcing whole-fixture replacement when a proprietary driver fails, but the interval is still far longer than the old burn-out cycle [1].
• Import competition and price deflation — Chinese scale sets the floor price, with China producing roughly 90% of the world's LED bulbs [9]; residential fixture imports alone rose 43% between 2010 and 2019 [12]. Commodity product is hit hardest.
• Tariff whipsaw — heavy China sourcing means trade policy directly moves costs and supply; a threat and a partial shield. Sourcing is diversifying (China fell from ~46% to ~37% of lighting imports between 2022 and 2024), but qualifying an alternate factory takes time and tariffs have not reshored bulb production [8][9].
• Cyclicality, leverage, and project lumpiness — commercial tracks non-residential construction and rates, residential tracks mortgage rates and turnover (starts down 0.6% in 2025); below Acuity's scale a single large project can swing a year, and PE-owned platforms carry meaningful debt into rate-sensitive markets [14][15][20][21].
• Value-migration risk — firms left selling bare hardware, not controls/software/brand, face structurally lower margins, while connected products add cybersecurity, interoperability, and software-obsolescence exposure [1].
• Regulatory reversal — efficiency mandates are the demand engine here, and the incandescent phase-out has been politically contested; it could be loosened or tightened, cutting both ways [1][22].
• Perimeter error (an analyst risk, not an operating one) — the most common mistake in this space is treating a branded "lighting company," a published lighting-market forecast, and a NAICS code as interchangeable. Corporate segments straddle codes, Census measures domestic production rather than what Americans buy, and the 2022 renumbering breaks naïve historical series [1][4].

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10. How to invest and the outlook

Public routes are thin and concentrated in one sub-industry. Direct: Acuity (NYSE: AYI) as the flagship with the controls/software upside [13], LSI (Nasdaq: LYTS) as the small-cap and Orion (Nasdaq: OESX) as the micro-cap, project-driven retrofit play [14][15], and Signify (Euronext Amsterdam: LIGHT; OTC: SFFYY) as the global leader and best bulb proxy — though it is a foreign-listed turnaround with sales still declining [16]. Indirect: Griffon (GFF) for ceiling fans, Energizer/Newell (ENR/NWL) for portable lighting, home retailers for residential demand without factory risk, and diversified electricals (Eaton, Hubbell, Legrand) for controls-adjacent exposure. There is no pure-play lighting ETF (exchange-traded fund) [1].

Private routes are where most of the industry actually lives — private equity and families own the bulk of it, and sizable portfolios change hands entirely outside public markets (Cooper at $1.4 billion, Hubbell's commercial lighting at roughly $333–350 million, Progress at $131 million, Kichler at $125 million). Openings include LP stakes and secondaries in the residential roll-ups (Visual Comfort, Coleto) and commercial PE owners (Current/HLI Brands, Cree Lighting); rolling up the long tail of regional fixture makers and rep agencies; owning ESCO/retrofit-service and lighting-as-a-service (LaaS) businesses that monetize the energy-savings stream; and backing controls and specialty (horticulture, UV-C) niches where margins concentrate [1].

Outlook. Expect a low-growth, cash-generative, consolidating industry whose three sub-industries diverge: commercial modest but positive and the most investable, with two-thirds of commercial buildings still uncontrolled and roughly half of commercial sockets still fluorescent [17][19]; bulbs mature and defensive, with a near-term fluorescent-to-LED tailwind from state bans and the July 2028 federal standard but a shrinking domestic base [22][23]; and residential cyclical, gated by mortgage rates, and private-market-only [21]. The through-line: this is a branded, import-exposed, LED-shaped specialty-manufacturing industry where winners compete on design, specification relationships, sourcing scale, and a credible move into controls and software — not on the cost of a U.S. factory floor — with tariffs a permanent two-edged sword. For the full breakdown, read the 33513 primer.

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Sources

1. Histometrics child primer, Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing (NAICS 33513) — full breakdown of the three sub-industries (335131 residential, 335132 commercial, 335139 bulbs), investable universe, ownership map, disclosed transaction marks, economics, demand drivers, regulation, consolidation, and outlook. Underlying federal data: U.S. Census Bureau Economic Census (2022) and County Business Patterns (2023); company filings and market sources cited therein.
2. U.S. Department of Energy. 2020 LED Manufacturing Supply Chain (89% U.S. value added in a domestically manufactured LED luminaire; Asian die/package concentration). 2020. https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/articles/2020-led-manufacturing-supply-chain
3. U.S. Census Bureau. 2022 Economic Census — Concentration by Largest Firms and industry statistics, NAICS 3351/33513 and its children (receipts, firm counts, CR4/CR8/CR20/CR50, HHI). 2022. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html
4. Federal Register / U.S. Census Bureau. 2022 NAICS revision and concordance (335121→335131; 335122→335132; 335110 + 335129→335139, with 335129 supplying 82% of firms and 74–75% of combined receipts and employment). 2022. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2022-07-05/pdf/2022-13250.pdf; https://thefederalregister.org/documents/2022-13250/small-business-size-standards-adoption-of-2022-north-american-industry-classification-system-for-size-standards
5. U.S. Census Bureau. County Business Patterns — establishments, employment, and payroll for NAICS 3351 and its component industries. 2023. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html
6. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Occupational Employment and Wages, May 2023 — NAICS 335100 Electric Lighting Equipment Manufacturing (38,190 jobs; $23.55 median hourly wage). 2023. https://www.bls.gov/oes/2023/may/naics4_335100.htm
7. U.S. Small Business Administration. Table of Size Standards (335131 — 750 employees; 335132 — 600; 335139 — 1,250). 2023. https://www.sba.gov/document/support-table-size-standards
8. Eightx. Lighting imports (HS 9405): the 2026 China tariff map — U.S. imports ~$9.17B (2024); China ~37%, down from ~46% in 2022. 2026. https://eightx.co/blog/lighting-import-origins
9. inside.lighting; White & Case LLP. Section 301 tariffs on Chinese lighting imports (base MFN duty ~3.9% + 25%; total burdens ~30–50%+); China produces ~90% of the world's LED bulbs, with ~90% of U.S. LED bulbs imported. 2024–2025. https://inside.lighting/news/25-04/no-leds-are-not-exempt-china-tariffs; https://www.whitecase.com/insight-alert/united-states-finalizes-section-301-tariff-increases-imports-china
10. Research and Markets / BusinessWire; Research and Markets / GlobeNewswire. United States Lighting Fixtures Market Report 2025 (~$20B, import-dependent); United States LED Lighting Market (~$11.8B in 2024). 2025. https://markets.financialcontent.com/clarkebroadcasting.mymotherlode/article/bizwire-2025-8-18-united-states-lighting-fixtures-market-report-2025; https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/09/26/3157130/28124/en/united-states-led-lighting-market-growth-analysis-and-forecast-trends-report-2025-2034-featuring-signify-ams-osram-eaton-acuity-brands-smart-global-ge-lighting-and-hubbell.html
11. IBISWorld. Lighting Fixture Manufacturing in the US — ~$15.2B of 2025 revenue across residential plus commercial/industrial fixtures. 2025/2026. https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/industry/lighting-fixture-manufacturing/781/
12. U.S. International Trade Commission. U.S. Light Fixture Manufacturing in the LED Illumination Era (U.S. fixture demand >$18B in 2018; top-4 71% of residential receipts in 2017; SMEs 98% of firms / 39% of receipts; residential fixture imports +43%, 2010–2019). 2019. https://www.usitc.gov/publications/332/executive_briefings/ebot_light_fixtures.pdf
13. Acuity Inc. Form 10-K, fiscal year ended August 31, 2025, and fiscal 2025 fourth-quarter results (total revenue ~$4.3B; lighting segment $3,612.2M at 45.8% gross and 16.4% operating margin; roughly equal new-construction and renovation addressable markets). 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1144215/000114421525000082/ayi-20250831.htm; https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1144215/000114421525000076/ayi-20251001x8xk_ex991.htm
14. LSI Industries Inc. Form 10-K and fiscal 2025 results (net sales $573.4M; lighting $248.4M; ~12% lighting operating margin; lighting sales down 5% on non-recurring prior-year projects). 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/763532/000143774925028862/lyts20250630_10k.htm
15. Orion Energy Systems. Form 10-K and fiscal 2025 results (LED-lighting revenue $47.7M, down 22%; 26.6% lighting gross margin; turnkey retrofit model). 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1409375/000095017025090385/oesx-20250331.htm
16. Signify N.V. Full-year 2025 sales of €5.8B; fourth-quarter and full-year 2024 results (€6.1B sales, ~$2.2B U.S., 144 million connected light points); Annual Report 2025 (segment margins 4.8%–16.1%). 2025–2026. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/signify-reports-full-2025-sales-060000177.html; https://www.signify.com/global/our-company/news/press-releases/2025/20250124-signify-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-results-2024; https://www.signify.com/static/2025/signify-annual-report-2025.pdf
17. U.S. Department of Energy. Optimization of Lighting Systems — roughly two-thirds of U.S. commercial buildings have no lighting control beyond a switch. 2023. https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/articles/optimization-lighting-systems
18. SkyQuest Technology. Smart Lighting Market Size ($21.71B in 2024, ~20% CAGR). 2024. https://www.skyquestt.com/report/smart-lighting-market
19. U.S. Department of Energy. 2020 U.S. Lighting Market Characterization (8.149B installed lamps and luminaires; ~48% LED vs 8% in 2015; 244 TWh ≈14% of U.S. electricity; 1.6B commercial installations, ~47% LED vs 48% linear fluorescent). 2024. https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-08/ssl-lmc2020_apr24.pdf
20. American Institute of Architects / inside.lighting. Consensus Construction Forecast — non-residential building spending ~1.7% (2025), 1–2% (2026); data centers surging, offices shrinking. 2025. https://inside.lighting/news/25-07/12-insights-construction-economists-2025-26-outlook
21. U.S. Census Bureau / HUD. New Residential Construction, December 2025 (1.359M housing starts in 2025, 0.6% below 2024). 2025. https://www.census.gov/construction/nrc/pdf/newresconst_202512.pdf
22. U.S. Department of Energy. LED Basics (30,000–50,000-hour LED life); Debunking Myths about Phasing Out the Incandescent Lightbulb (45 lm/W, effective August 2023); General Service Lamps (120+ lm/W, July 25, 2028 compliance date). 2023. https://www.energy.gov/cmei/ssl/led-basics; https://www.energy.gov/articles/debunking-myths-about-phasing-out-incandescent-lightbulb; https://www.energy.gov/cmei/buildings/general-service-lamps
23. Pacific Energy Concepts. Active List of U.S. States Banning Fluorescent Lights (bans effective 2025, phasing through 2029). 2025. https://www.pecnw.com/blog/active-list-of-us-states-banning-fluorescent-lights/
24. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Frequent Questions on Lighting Equipment (universal-waste rules for spent mercury-containing lamps); ENERGY STAR Lighting Program (luminaires and lamps specifications sunset at the end of 2024). 2024. https://archive.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/web/html/faqs-5.html; https://www.energystar.gov/products/light_fixtures/partners
25. UL Solutions; DesignLights Consortium. Lighting safety standards (UL 1598, UL 153, UL 8750); DLC Qualified Products Lists required by ~700 utility and efficiency programs. 2025. https://www.ul.com/industries/products-and-components/lighting/residential-and-consumer-lighting; https://designlights.org/fact-sheet/