U.S. Nonferrous Metal Foundries (NAICS 33152): A Rollup Investor Primer

1. Overview

North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code 33152 — Nonferrous Metal Foundries — covers U.S. plants that buy nonferrous metal (chiefly aluminum, but also copper, zinc, magnesium, nickel and other alloys), melt it, and shape it into castings. It is a foundry industry: establishments generally purchase alloy rather than smelt their own, then compete on utilization, casting yield, defect control, energy use and how much machining and assembly they add before shipping.[1][3]

The rollup contains three child industries that share this melt-and-pour DNA but diverge sharply in how they pour, who they sell to, who owns them, and how an investor reaches them:

• 331523 — Nonferrous die-casting foundries: high-pressure aluminum, magnesium and zinc into reusable steel dies; high-volume; automotive-dominated.
• 331524 — Aluminum foundries (except die-casting): sand, permanent-mold, low-pressure, investment and lost-foam aluminum casting; mid-volume; aerospace, defense, marine and industrial.
• 331529 — Other nonferrous foundries (except die-casting): copper, nickel, zinc, lead and superalloy casting; the smallest by headcount but the highest-specification — turbine blades, bronze pump bodies.

The distinctive rollup story is a mismatch between where the industry's physical mass sits and where economic value sits. Die-casting is the largest child by employment yet has no clean U.S. listed proxy. The smallest child, other-nonferrous, is the most directly investable through listed aerospace-casting names — and the margin evidence now carried in the child primers points the same way: automotive-facing casting operations report mid-single-digit operating and low-teens earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) margins, while the largest listed aerospace investment-casting segment reports an adjusted EBITDA margin above 33%.[8][9][10][15] The middle child, aluminum, is dominated by private and captive owners. Private equity (PE), family owners and captive plants inside larger manufacturers pervade all three.

This primer synthesizes the three child primers plus our ground-truth federal statistics for the 5-digit level. Company-specific tickers, revenues and deal values are reserved for the investable-universe and how-to-invest sections.

2. What's inside — the child industries and how they differ

The three children divide the level cleanly by process (die-casting vs. everything else) and metal (aluminum vs. other nonferrous). The 2022 NAICS boundaries exclude nonferrous forging (332112), die and mold manufacturing (333511), primary/secondary smelting, rolling and extrusion, and captive casting classified under a plant's finished product.[1][3]

The most common misreading of this level is to treat "aluminum casting" as one industry. It is not: automotive gigacasting and essentially all high-pressure structural aluminum work sit in 331523, while sand, permanent-mold, low-pressure, investment and lost-foam aluminum sit in 331524. A great deal of commentary about aluminum castings therefore describes the wrong child.

Contrast table

How the economics differ

All three buy metal, run melt furnaces, and live or die on utilization — but the shape of the economics differs:

• 331523 (die-casting) is a volume-and-cycle-time business: profitability tracks press hours and machine uptime, customers demand annual price reductions ("price-downs"), and automotive concentration makes it the most cyclical child. Its plants are the largest on average — roughly 88 employees per establishment versus 50 for aluminum and 38 for other-nonferrous.[1]
• 331524 (aluminum, except die-casting) is a mix-and-machining business: lower volumes, more part numbers, more value-added machining and inspection, and aerospace/defense qualification that makes programs sticky.
• 331529 (other nonferrous) is a specification-and-metallurgy business: long-term agreements, volatile nickel and cobalt inputs, the strongest operating leverage, and the most concentrated demand at the high-specification (turbine) end.

Energy intensity separates the two aluminum-heavy children by nearly a factor of two. The Energy Information Administration's 2022 survey ratios put die-casting at 880.1 million British thermal units (Btu) per employee and 3,300 Btu per dollar of shipments, against 497.5 million Btu per employee and 2,300 Btu per dollar of shipments for aluminum foundries excluding die-casting.[6] These are survey ratios, not energy bills, and no comparable figure for 331529 was carried into the child primers — but they are consistent with the underlying physics: die-casting holds metal molten for continuous high-pressure injection, while non-die aluminum work carries more of its cost in labor, tooling and machining.

Average pay per worker is broadly similar across the children — about $62,900 in die-casting versus about $66,800 in each of the two "except die-casting" codes in 2023 — consistent with more metallurgical and machining content in the latter two, which are now essentially indistinguishable from one another on this measure.[1]

3. Size — the rollup figures

Our ground-truth federal extract for NAICS 33152 (stats-33152.md) gives figures the children individually lacked. All three child primers independently reported that no publishable 6-digit receipts, shipment, firm-count or concentration figure was available to them; the 5-digit level is where those measures first become public.

The revised child primers reconcile exactly to these CBP totals — 318 + 261 + 240 establishments and 27,966 + 13,031 + 9,184 employees — so the level's headcount and payroll are fully accounted for by the three children with nothing hiding in a residual.[1]

A rough cross-check: $13.25 billion of receipts across ~819 establishments is on the order of $16 million of sales per establishment. Receipts are a 2022 Economic Census figure while employment and payroll are 2023 CBP, so any per-employee revenue ratio mixes two years and should be read as an order of magnitude, not a precise number.

Concentration is very low — this is a fragmented industry. The Economic Census reports that the four largest firms took only 19.8% of receipts, the top eight 32.4%, the top twenty 48.8%, and even the top fifty only 66.8%. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI, a standard concentration measure where higher means more concentrated) is 177.6 — far below the ~1,500 threshold at which antitrust authorities begin to view a market as moderately concentrated.[2] Tellingly, the 811 firms operate only 819 establishments, meaning almost every firm runs a single plant: this is a level built from many small, independent operators, not a handful of giants. Note the tension this creates for investors — an industry that is unconcentrated in aggregate is composed of individual operators whose customer books are extremely concentrated (see section 9).

Federal "small business" thresholds differ across the children. The Small Business Administration classifies die-casting foundries as small up to 700 employees, but aluminum and other-nonferrous foundries only up to 500 — an administrative recognition that die-casting plants run larger, and a practical difference for set-aside eligibility and lending programs.[5]

Historical-series caveat. Before the 2012 NAICS revision, aluminum die-casting was code 331521 and other nonferrous die-casting 331522; the two were merged into today's 331523.[4] Any long time series for the level's largest child that splices the old codes without a concordance can manufacture apparent growth or decline.

Undercount caveat. These are employer establishment statistics. They omit nonemployers (owner-only businesses) and, more importantly, captive casting inside OEM vehicle, engine or machinery plants, which NAICS classifies under the finished product rather than as foundry activity.[1][3] Family- and individually-owned regional bronze and copper foundries at the small end of 331529 also make the very smallest tier easy to under-count. This is a furnace-intensive industry, so it is not dominated by nonemployers or government facilities; the material blind spot is captive capacity, which understates the true physical footprint of nonferrous casting in the United States.

4. Investable universe — where value concentrates across the children

The central rollup insight for investors: public-market value is inversely related to the industry's physical center of gravity. Die-casting (331523) is the largest child by employment yet offers only indirect, foreign or diluted listed exposure; other-nonferrous (331529), the smallest, offers the most direct listed proxies.

Public equity is concentrated in aerospace-and-turbine precision casting — work that straddles 331524 and 331529:

• Doncasters (parent DPC Holdings, NYSE: DPC) is the closest listed operating proxy: $837 million of fiscal-2025 revenue, with aerospace and industrial gas turbines producing 77% of it. Its June 2026 IPO sold 27,858,585 shares at $33, raising approximately $919.3 million before expenses.[19][20]
• Howmet Aerospace (NYSE: HWM) had $8.3 billion of 2025 revenue, roughly 70% from commercial and defense aerospace; its Engine Products segment — the large investment-casting business — reported $4.320 billion of 2025 third-party sales.[14]
• ATI (NYSE: ATI) reported $4.587 billion of 2025 sales, with precision forgings, castings and components together at 22% of revenue — casting exposure diluted and not separately disclosed.[16] Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE: BRK.A / BRK.B) owns Precision Castparts, at roughly $10.8 billion of 2025 revenue, but also forgings, fasteners, aerostructures and specialty materials.[17] Impro Precision (HKEX: 1286) offers international exposure to integrated investment casting, machining and finishing.[21]
• 331524 (aluminum, except die-casting) adds captive-foundry exposures: Brunswick (NYSE: BC), whose Mercury Marine pressurized lost-foam foundry sits inside a $2.177 billion 2025 propulsion segment, and General Motors, which announced an investment exceeding $150 million in 2026 at its Saginaw precision-sand and semi-permanent-mold plant.[22][23]
• 331523 (die-casting) has the weakest access. Ryobi (TSE: 5851) is the purest operating comparable — die castings were 88.7% of its fiscal-2025 sales — but it is a Japanese, globally diversified automotive supplier.[7] Nemak (BMV: NEMAK) is Mexico-listed; Linamar (TSX: LNR) bought Aludyne's North American assets for an initially valued $300 million and buries casting inside a diversified mobility group; Allison Transmission (NYSE: ALSN) owns Walker Die Casting as a small vertical integration.[12][13] None is a clean U.S. NAICS 331523 proxy.

Private ownership is where most of the physical industry lives, concentrated in PE aerospace platforms and multi-plant roll-ups:

• Aerospace/defense investment casting: Consolidated Precision Products (Warburg Pincus / Berkshire Partners) and Form Technologies (Ares Management funds), the latter owning both excluded die-casting (Dynacast) and in-scope precision casters (Signicast).[24][25]
• Die-casting PE platforms: Pace Industries (MiddleGround Capital), Dynacast (Form/Ares), Gibbs Die Casting (Architect Equity).[25][26][27]
• Aluminum non-die roll-ups: Wisconsin Aluminum Foundry, Ligon Industries, CaneKast, Angstrom Automotive Group, plus the employee-owned Amsted Industries and family specialists such as Eck Industries and Bremer Manufacturing.[28]
• Other-nonferrous specialists: MetalTek International, Winsert (Altus Capital Partners).

Corporate segment revenue for any of these listed names should not be read as NAICS industry revenue: the segments include foreign production, excluded metals and adjacent forging, machining and assembly.

5. How the money works

Across all three children the revenue and cost architecture rhymes, with child-specific accents:

• Revenue = the casting itself plus tooling, engineering, heat treatment, machining, coating, assembly and inspection. The most valuable operators ship qualified, installation-ready components, not commodity cast metal. Die-casting adds alloy surcharges and long automotive programs; aluminum and other-nonferrous add aerospace qualification and, in 331529, long-term agreements (LTAs) — Doncasters reported roughly 70% of its 2025 revenue covered by LTAs.[19]
• Utilization / fixed-cost leverage. Furnaces, molding and casting lines, maintenance crews and environmental systems are heavy fixed costs. Small volume swings produce large profit swings — upward when press hours or furnace loads rise, downward just as fast. Track good castings shipped, not pounds melted.
• Metal pass-through. All three buy rather than make their metal. Aluminum is typically priced off the London Metal Exchange (LME) plus a regional premium; nickel and cobalt (331529) are more volatile. Surcharge formulas reduce commodity exposure but recover costs with a lag, so inflation squeezes margins before it is passed on. Exposure is also less "primary" than it looks: the North American Die Casting Association states that more than 95% of North American aluminum die castings use post-consumer recycled aluminum, which requires roughly 5% of the energy of primary metal.[29]
• Yield and quality. Gates, runners, risers, porosity, inclusions and rejected parts consume metal, energy and machine time. In aerospace and turbine work a defect can mean scrap, warranty, a delivery penalty or permanent disqualification.
• Tooling and working capital. Dies and molds may be customer-owned or amortized into piece prices; tooling receipts can flatter cash flow during launches. Metal inventory and long OEM payment terms tie up cash.

What the reported margins actually look like — and why the spread matters. The revised children now carry enough disclosed profitability to place the level's two ends side by side. On the automotive side, Ryobi's die-casting segment reported a 4.1% operating margin in 2025 and guided to 4.4% for 2026; Nemak reported a 14% EBITDA margin and roughly 6% operating margin in the second quarter of 2025; and GF Casting Solutions' automotive business generated $91 million of adjusted EBITDA on $707 million of 2024 revenue (about 12.9%) before its sale to Nemak.[8][9][10] On the aerospace side, Howmet's Engine Products segment achieved a 33.3% adjusted EBITDA margin in 2025, up from 30.8% in 2024.[15] These are not like-for-like — different companies, currencies, periods, segment definitions and profit measures (operating margin versus EBITDA versus adjusted EBITDA), and none is a NAICS industry average. But the gap is far too wide to be an artifact of definitions: it is the single clearest quantitative expression of this rollup's central asymmetry.

Pricing has also moved. The one child-level output-price series carried into these primers is for other-nonferrous: the Bureau of Labor Statistics primary-products producer price index for 331529 rose from 154.544 in December 2024 to 171.950 in December 2025 and 187.637 in May 2026 (December 2003 = 100) — roughly 11% during 2025 and a further 9% in the first five months of 2026.[30]

For private transactions, EBITDA should be normalized for metal pass-through timing, tooling income and launch costs, and maintenance capital expenditure is frequently higher than book depreciation implies — old furnaces and presses hide real reinvestment needs.

6. Demand drivers

• Vehicle production is the dominant driver of the largest child (die-casting) and a meaningful one for aluminum casting: aluminum reduces vehicle mass, and high-pressure casting consolidates multiple stamped parts into single components. Transportation is the single largest U.S. aluminum end market, at an estimated 36% of aluminum consumption in 2025 (an aluminum-wide figure, not a NAICS revenue share).[35]
• Lightweighting has quantified payoffs. The Department of Energy estimates that a 10% vehicle-weight reduction improves fuel economy by 6–8%, and credits aluminum and aluminum-matrix composites with 30–60% mass-reduction potential versus conventional materials depending on application.[36] This is the physical basis for the secular case across both aluminum-facing children.
• Aerospace, defense and industrial gas turbines anchor the two "except die-casting" children. Certified cast turbine components are difficult to substitute, giving qualified suppliers recurring aftermarket demand; industrial gas turbines additionally ride electricity demand and grid investment. Howmet's Engine Products sales grew 16% in 2025, and Doncasters described its key markets as capacity-constrained heading into 2026.[14][19]
• The EV transition is a redistribution, not a simple tailwind. Electric vehicles (EVs) create demand for large structural gigacastings (favoring die-casting) and battery/structure aluminum, while eroding ICE engine and transmission housings (pressuring both die-casting and conventional sand/permanent-mold blocks and heads). The GF Casting Solutions automotive portfolio Nemak acquired was roughly 80% e-mobility and structure/chassis and 20% other components — a concrete measure of how far established casters have repositioned.[10] Against that, General Motors' Saginaw investment in next-generation engine blocks and heads shows profitable conventional-engine programs persisting.[23] The net effect depends on each foundry's product portfolio, not headline vehicle sales.
• Localization and reshoring support domestic casting across all three children.
• Input conditions cut across the level: U.S. aluminum spot-ingot prices rose 39% in 2025 with net import reliance of 60%, and nickel/cobalt inputs for superalloy casting are volatile — foundries without timely pass-throughs bear the most margin risk.[35]

7. Regulation

Regulatory burden is largely plant-specific and common across the children, with an extra layer for aerospace:

• Air. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates hazardous-air emissions from aluminum, copper and other nonferrous foundries under National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Part 63 — covering metals such as beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, manganese and nickel, with area-source foundries in all three children falling under Subpart ZZZZZZ.[31] Plants charging secondary scrap or running particular fluxes and furnaces may instead or additionally fall under the secondary-aluminum NESHAP; applicability turns on charge material and furnace practice, not NAICS code.
• Water. Metal molding and casting wastewater — quench, mold-cooling and scrubber streams — is covered by 40 CFR Part 464, with some process segments set at no discharge of process wastewater pollutants.[32]
• Worker safety. Sand handling exposes workers to respirable crystalline silica; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) sets an eight-hour permissible exposure limit of 50 micrograms per cubic meter and an action level of 25.[33] Molten metal, heat, and combustible aluminum and magnesium dust add explosion and burn hazards. Reported injury outcomes are similar across the two children with published rates: total recordable incidence of 4.6 cases per 100 full-time workers in die-casting and 4.5 in other-nonferrous in 2022.[37]
• Trade. Section 232 metals tariffs affect both inputs and imported castings — as of June 2026, roughly 50% on covered primary metal articles and 25% on predominantly-metal derivatives, subject to Harmonized Tariff Schedule classification and metal-content tests.[34] Tariffs can protect domestic castings while raising imported-alloy and equipment costs; the net effect depends on the actual sourcing chain, domestic scrap use and customer pass-through clauses.
• Aerospace add-on (mainly 331524/331529). Aerospace and defense customers require the AS9100 quality standard, Nadcap (originally the National Aerospace and Defense Contractors Accreditation Program) accreditation for special processes, and, on defense work, the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS) specialty-metals sourcing clause.

8. Consolidation

Consolidation is active across all three children and is led by private equity, but it does not concentrate the level: with an HHI of 177.6 and a top-four share under 20%, the industry remains highly fragmented even after a decade of deal-making.[2]

• Die-casting: PE platforms rolled up (MiddleGround/Pace, Ares/Form Technologies including Dynacast, Architect/Gibbs), Linamar acquired Aludyne's North American assets for an initially valued $300 million, and Nemak completed its acquisition of GF Casting Solutions' automotive business.[11][12][25][26][27]
• Aluminum (except die-casting): roll-ups broadened process, machining and geographic coverage — Wisconsin Aluminum Foundry added low-pressure specialist ATEK Metal Technologies in 2024 and tooling maker Anderson Global in 2025, alongside expansion by Ligon, CaneKast and Angstrom.[28]
• Other nonferrous: aerospace-focused PE platforms (Consolidated Precision Products, Form Technologies' Signicast) expanded, and the closest listed proxy moved from private ownership to the public market via the June 2026 Doncasters IPO.[20][24][25]

The consistent pattern: buyers pay for customer-qualified capacity, machining depth and scarce process approvals, not merely cheap furnaces. National scale alone is not a moat — the winning unit is a well-utilized plant with defensible programs and the engineering depth to launch new parts without excessive scrap.

9. Risks

• Cyclicality plus fixed-cost leverage — vehicle, aerospace, machinery and marine demand can fall faster than fixed costs, and utilization swings amplify the hit (sharpest in die-casting's automotive book, where reported margins already sit in the mid single digits).[8]
• Customer and program concentration — the level is unconcentrated in aggregate but individual operators are not: Doncasters' ten largest customers supplied 68% of 2025 revenue and its two largest 38%.[19] Losing one qualified vehicle, turbine or aircraft program can strand dedicated presses, tooling and machining cells.
• Single-plant and sole-source disruption — qualification is both a moat and a chokepoint. Berkshire disclosed that a February 2025 fire at Precision Castparts' Jenkintown facility affected more than 700 sole-sourced parts considered critical by aerospace customers.[18]
• Metal and energy inflation with lagged recovery — surcharge formulas may not fully or promptly offset aluminum, nickel or cobalt spikes.
• Technology substitution and redistribution — forging, fabrication and composites can displace cast parts, and the EV transition shifts demand between the children (toward gigacasting, away from ICE housings). Additive manufacturing is more ambiguous than it is usually portrayed: direct-metal printing competes for some low-volume, high-complexity parts, but printed sand molds and cores eliminate conventional tooling and can strengthen the foundries that adopt them, with the final part still a casting.[38]
• Quality and qualification failure — defects can cause scrap, recalls, penalties or permanent disqualification, most punishing in aerospace/turbine work.
• Environmental legacy liabilities — old furnaces, dross, spent sand, baghouse dust and contaminated sites can require remediation beyond current-compliance cost.
• Skilled-labor scarcity — metallurgists, mold technicians and inspectors are hard to replace.
• Private-company leverage — acquisition debt can turn ordinary operating cyclicality into refinancing risk.
• Classification ambiguity — businesses marketed as "aluminum foundries" may earn much of their revenue from die-casting, smelting or finished-product manufacturing outside the intended code, and captive capacity is invisible in the federal counts.

10. How to invest & outlook

Public investors must accept dilution: there is no pure-play NAICS 33152 listing. Choose by segment exposure, not by whichever company mentions "aluminum casting." The most direct listed access to nonferrous casting runs through aerospace/turbine precision-casting names (the newly public Doncasters/DPC, Howmet's Engine Products, ATI, Berkshire's Precision Castparts, and internationally Impro) — i.e., the smallest child by headcount, not the largest. Die-casting exposure requires foreign listings or diversified conglomerates and should be valued on the parent's broader business, never by applying a foundry multiple to consolidated earnings.

Private investors have the wider opportunity set — control acquisitions, minority growth capital, private credit, equipment finance and sale-leasebacks into qualified plants. Diligence should center on plant-level evidence: press or furnace utilization by machine size; saleable yield, scrap and rework; die/mold ownership and condition; metal pass-through mechanics and working-capital lags; certification status (AS9100/Nadcap for aerospace); maintenance versus growth capital; environmental reserves; and management depth in tooling and launches. Discount backlog that lacks firm quantities or customer penalties.

Outlook — judgment, not reported fact. The level is selective, not uniformly bullish, and the three children point in different directions:

• Other-nonferrous (331529) looks most constructive — qualified nickel-alloy and turbine suppliers face capacity-constrained aerospace and industrial-gas-turbine demand, rising output prices, and the level's best-documented operating leverage.[19][30]
• Aluminum (331524) is bifurcated — aerospace/defense and select engine programs are attractive; undifferentiated ICE-tied sand/permanent-mold capacity deserves a discount.
• Die-casting (331523) is the most contested — lightweighting and gigacasting expand applications for technically capable operators, but automotive cyclicality, uneven EV adoption, heavy capital requirements and structurally thin reported margins will widen the gap between flexible, well-utilized plants and legacy ICE-dependent ones.

Across the whole rollup, returns will depend less on headline demand than on utilization, yield, pricing discipline and capital execution. The best assets combine design, tooling, casting and machining under one roof, hold scarce customer qualifications, and stay disciplined about large-format expansion. A strong customer list is not a substitute for plant-level evidence of sustainable free cash flow.

Sources

1. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023: NAICS 33152 and children (331523, 331524, 331529) — establishment, employment and payroll figures, 2023. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html
2. U.S. Census Bureau, Economic Census 2022: Concentration of Largest Firms — NAICS 33152 (receipts, firm count, CR4/CR8/CR20/CR50, HHI), released 2025. https://api.census.gov/data/2022/ecnsize/groups/EC2200SIZECONCEN.html
3. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 NAICS Definitions: 331523, 331524, 331529 and cross-references, 2022. https://www.census.gov/naics/?details=33&input=33&year=2022
4. U.S. Census Bureau, NAICS Concordances (2007–2012 die-casting code merger). https://www.census.gov/naics/concordances/concordances.html
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11. Nemak, Nemak Completes the Acquisition of GF Casting Solutions' Automotive Business, 2026. https://www.nemak.com/blog/news-3/nemak-completes-the-acquisition-of-gf-casting-solutions-automotive-business-12
12. Linamar Corporation, Linamar Completes Acquisition of Aludyne North America Assets, 2025. https://www.linamar.com/linamar-completes-acquisition-of-aludyne-north-america-assets/
13. Allison Transmission Holdings, Annual Report on Form 10-K (Walker Die Casting), 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1411207/000119312526065627/alsn-20251231.htm
14. Howmet Aerospace and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Annual Report on Form 10-K for Fiscal 2025, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/4281/000000428126000012/hwm-20251231.htm
15. Howmet Aerospace, Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2025 Results, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/4281/000110465926013832/tm266060d1_ex99-1.htm
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17. Berkshire Hathaway, 2025 Annual Report (Precision Castparts), 2026. https://berkshirehathaway.com/2025ar/2025ar.pdf
18. Berkshire Hathaway and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Annual Report on Form 10-K for Fiscal 2025 (Jenkintown facility fire), 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1067983/000119312526083899/brka-20251231.htm
19. DPC Holdings (Doncasters) and U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Registration Statement on Form S-1/A, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2107018/000110465926073752/tm269965-6_s1a.htm
20. DPC Holdings, Doncasters Announces Pricing of Upsized Initial Public Offering, 2026. https://ir.doncasters.com/news-and-events/news/news-details/2026/Doncasters-Announces-Pricing-of-Upsized-Initial-Public-Offering/default.aspx
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23. General Motors, GM to Invest More Than $150 Million in Saginaw Metal Casting Plant, 2026. https://news.gm.com/home.detail.html/Pages/news/us/en/2026/apr/0401-GM-invest-150-million-Saginaw-Metal-Casting.html
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27. Gibbs Die Casting, Our Company, 2025. https://www.gibbsdc.com/our-company/
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29. North American Die Casting Association, Die Casting and Sustainability FAQ. https://www.diecasting.org/faq/
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32. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Metal Molding and Casting (Foundries) Effluent Guidelines, updated 2026. https://www.epa.gov/eg/metal-molding-and-casting-foundries-effluent-guidelines
33. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Crystalline Silica — General Industry and Maritime, 2026. https://www.osha.gov/silica-crystalline/general-industry-maritime
34. The White House, Further Adjusting the Tariff Regimes for Imports of Aluminum, Steel, and Copper (Section 232), 2026. https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2026/06/further-adjusting-the-tariff-regimes-for-imports-of-aluminum-steel-and-copper-into-the-united-states/
35. U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026: Aluminum, 2026. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2026/mcs2026.pdf
36. U.S. Department of Energy, Lightweight Materials for Cars and Trucks, 2026. https://www.energy.gov/cmei/vehicles/lightweight-materials-cars-and-trucks
37. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 1: Incidence Rates of Nonfatal Occupational Injuries and Illnesses by Industry, 2022, 2023. https://www.bls.gov/iif/nonfatal-injuries-and-illnesses-tables/table-1-injury-and-illness-rates-by-industry-2022-national.htm
38. American Foundry Society, Design Optimization for 3D Sand Printing, 2026. https://www.afsinc.org/courses/design-optimization-3d-sand-printing