Support Activities for Crop Production (NAICS 11511) — A Rollup Primer

NAICS 2022 code 11511. NAICS = North American Industry Classification System, the standard code set U.S. statistical agencies use to define industries. This industry has one 5-digit code (11511) and one identical 4-digit parent (1151), so the two are effectively the same level; it contains six 6-digit child industries.

1. Overview

Everything that happens to a crop except growing it — preparing the soil, planting, spraying, harvesting with hired machines, cleaning and packing after harvest, ginning cotton, supplying the labor crews, and managing the land for absentee owners — is a service someone can be paid to perform. NAICS 11511, "Support Activities for Crop Production," is the federal industry that bundles those services together. It is the outsourced, for-hire layer that sits on top of American farming: the plumbing between the farmer, the field, the machine, the worker, and the market.[1]

For an investor the single most important fact about this level is structural, and it repeats in all six children: there is no pure-play, U.S.-listed company in any of them. The activity is overwhelmingly private — farmer cooperatives, family businesses, sole proprietors, custom operators, and a growing layer of private-equity roll-ups and venture-backed platforms. Public-market investors reach the theme only indirectly, through the equipment makers, ag-input retailers, cold-storage landlords, farmland real estate investment trusts (REITs), and diversified agribusinesses that surround the work. Private investors are where the real ownership lives — building, buying, financing, or rolling up local operators.

The distinctive value of looking at 11511 as a whole, rather than one leaf at a time, is the contrast across the six children: they differ sharply in size, in which direction they are growing, in who owns them, and in the economics that drive them. Two are shrinking commodity-processing niches (cotton ginning, custom harvesting); two are labor-and-compliance service businesses growing on a structural tailwind (farm labor contracting, farm management); one is a fragmented, roll-up-ready field-operations layer (soil prep and planting); and the largest by payroll is the fresh-produce packing engine (postharvest activities). This primer leads with that contrast, then covers the level as one industry.

2. What's inside — the six children and how they differ

The level splits into six industries. The table below is the heart of this primer: it shows relative size (share of the level's employment), the direction each is heading, who actually owns the businesses, and the closest way an outside investor can get exposure. Size shares are computed from our federal ground-truth figures (Section 3); direction, ownership, and investability are synthesized from the six child primers.[2][3]

Four patterns jump out of the contrast:

• Size is lopsided. Postharvest packing (115114) and farm labor contracting (115115) together are two-thirds of the level's jobs and payroll, even though soil prep (115112) has by far the most businesses. Cotton ginning (115111) and custom harvesting (115113) are tiny.
• The children move in opposite directions. The people-and-compliance businesses (labor contracting, farm management) are structurally growing; the commodity-processing businesses (ginning, custom harvesting) are structurally shrinking; the rest are consolidating around scale and technology.
• Ownership ranges from co-op to Wall Street. Ginning and postharvest are heavy with farmer cooperatives; labor contracting is micro-firms plus a venture-backed software layer; farm management reaches all the way up to pension-fund asset managers. No child is dominated by public companies.
• The "how to invest" answer is different in each. Postharvest and farm management have the most usable listed proxies (produce companies, cold-storage REITs, farmland REITs); the two field-machine businesses share the same equipment-maker names; ginning and labor contracting have almost nothing clean.

Where the boundaries fall. The six codes are defined by what stage of the crop cycle the service touches. Soil prep and planting (115112) is the before; machine harvesting (115113) is the during; postharvest (115114) and cotton ginning (115111) are the after. Labor contracting (115115) supplies people rather than machines, and farm management (115116) supplies oversight rather than field work. A farmer doing any of this on their own crop is farming (NAICS 111), not a support-service business — a distinction that drives the massive undercount below.[1]

3. How big it is (the rollup figures)

Our ground-truth federal figures for the whole level come from the U.S. Census Bureau's County Business Patterns (CBP), the annual count of employer businesses, for 2023:[2]

Because the six children partition the level exactly, these totals also let us rank the pieces. By our federal figures the split of the level is:

(SBA = U.S. Small Business Administration; the ceilings are federal contracting-eligibility thresholds, not estimates of typical revenue.[4] Every child's threshold is low enough that essentially the entire level counts as small business.) CBP does not publish revenue, margin, capacity, utilization, or concentration for this code, so we do not state those.

The undercount is the story — and it is enormous at this level. CBP counts only firms with paid employees. It excludes the self-employed, nonemployer businesses, firms without an Employer Identification Number, agricultural production workers, and most in-house farm activity — which is exactly where most of this work happens. Three independent signals show how far 5,072 employer establishments understate the real activity:

1. Business count. The private research firm IBISWorld sizes the broader "Crop Services" grouping (this level) at roughly $32 billion of revenue across about 73,000 businesses — more than fourteen times the CBP employer count, the gap being the vast nonemployer and farmer-to-farmer economy.[5]
2. Spending by farms. In USDA's (U.S. Department of Agriculture) 2022 Census of Agriculture, 391,283 farms reported spending about $10.05 billion on "customwork and custom hauling" — a single expense line that, by itself, dwarfs the ~$3.8 billion of employer payroll CBP records for the entire level.[6]
3. Classified elsewhere. When a grower or cooperative gins, packs, plants, or manages its own crop, the government usually books that activity to farming or to the parent's primary code, not to 11511. Sunkist's packinghouses, co-op cotton gins, and integrated grower-packers largely never appear here.

The takeaway: read the CBP figures as the visible tip — the formal, payrolled employer slice — of a far larger dispersed activity. Undercount is worst where small or farmer-to-farmer ownership dominates: cotton ginning, custom harvesting, and one-person labor crews. All figures here are annual-average or a March reference week, so they also understate the harvest-season peak in every child (Section 5).

4. The investable universe — where value concentrates across the children

There is no way to buy 11511 directly; the honest map is where the usable listed proxies cluster and where the private ownership sits.

Most public exposure sits in two children. Postharvest (115114) offers the closest thing to direct listed exposure through vertically integrated grower-packer-shippers whose packing houses are embedded in a farming-and-marketing business — Dole (NYSE: DOLE), Fresh Del Monte (NYSE: FDP), Mission Produce (Nasdaq: AVO), and Limoneira (Nasdaq: LMNR) — plus adjacent cold-storage REITs Americold (NYSE: COLD) and Lineage (Nasdaq: LINE) and sorting-equipment maker JBT Marel (NYSE: JBTM).[7][8] Farm management (115116) reaches public markets through the two U.S. farmland REITs, Farmland Partners (NYSE: FPI) and Gladstone Land (Nasdaq: LAND), and through diversified asset-manager parents Prudential/PGIM (NYSE: PRU) and Manulife (NYSE/TSX: MFC).[9] (REIT = real estate investment trust, a landlord structure that passes most income to shareholders.)

Three children share the same equipment names. Soil prep (115112) and custom harvesting (115113) are, from the stock market's point of view, a bet on farm capital spending — expressed through Deere (NYSE: DE), AGCO (NYSE: AGCO), CNH Industrial (NYSE: CNH), Kubota (OTC: KUBTY), and equipment dealer Titan Machinery (Nasdaq: TITN). Ag-input retailer Nutrien (NYSE/TSX: NTR) and seed/chemical supplier Corteva (NYSE: CTVA) add exposure to the products applied during field work.[10]

Cotton ginning and labor contracting have almost nothing clean. Ginning's only listed owner-of-gins is diversified The Andersons (Nasdaq: ANDE), via a majority stake in Skyland Grain; the closest pure-play is a gin-machinery maker listed in India (Bajaj).[11] Farm labor contracting has no listed pure-play at all — investors express a view through produce customers (the same LMNR/AVO/FDP/DOLE names) or broad staffing proxies (NYSE: TBI, NYSE: MAN) that trade on the same labor-supply economics.[12]

Where the industry actually lives is private, and it takes three forms:

• Farmer cooperatives — grower-owned and closed to outside equity: cotton co-ops PCCA and Staplcotn; produce co-ops Sunkist (citrus), Blue Diamond (almonds), Ocean Spray (cranberries). "Investing" here means being a grower-member, not buying a share.[7][11]
• Private and PE-backed operators — family packing houses and custom operators; large private growers (The Wonderful Company, Taylor Farms, J.R. Simplot); PE-owned platforms (Grimmway Farms); the largest farm-management firm, employee-owned Farmers National Company (~2 million acres).[7][9]
• Venture-backed platforms — the newest layer, concentrated in labor and precision services: Seso (H-2A recruiting/compliance software, $26M Series B), plus drone-application startups (Guardian Agriculture, Hylio, Rantizo) and fractional-farmland platforms (AcreTrader, FarmTogether).[12][13]

Tickers, yields, and multiples belong to those proxy companies, not to 11511 itself, and each must be underwritten on its own drivers (equipment cycles, crop-input margins, land values, staffing volumes) rather than on the payroll figures above.

5. How the money works

Two economic models run through the level, and which child you are looking at tells you which one applies.

Model A — fixed-cost / utilization processing governs the four equipment-and-facility children. Each sells throughput priced above variable cost, and each lives or dies on utilization of an expensive asset during a short season:

• Cotton ginning (115111): a per-bale toll fee (~$45–$65/bale) plus cottonseed byproduct; total cost falls to ~$15–$25/bale at full capacity but balloons to $40–$60+ when spread over too few bales.[14]
• Soil prep/planting (115112): a per-acre custom rate (planting ~$24/acre; tillage ~$20–$27/acre) spread over a six-figure planter or sprayer that earns only in a narrow agronomic window.[15]
• Crop harvesting (115113): a per-acre, per-bushel, or crop-share price converting machine-hours into acres, over a combine costing $400,000 to $1 million+; acres cut per machine per season is the whole game.[16]
• Postharvest (115114): a per-carton or per-pound packing fee (~$4.00–$4.90/carton for citrus) against a seasonal fixed base of sizers, coolers, and optical sorters; the swing metric is packout — the share of delivered crop that grades out as sellable.[8]

Model B — spread / fee intermediation governs the two people-driven children, which own little equipment:

• Farm labor contracting (115115): the business is the spread between the bill rate charged to the grower and the wage paid to the worker, after a heavy stack of payroll taxes, workers'-comp insurance, transportation, housing, and — for guest workers — the all-in cost of an H-2A worker. Contractors typically front payroll before the grower pays, so working capital and grower credit matter as much as margin.[12]
• Farm management (115116): an annuity-like management fee, usually 5%–10% of gross farm income, on a near-zero-capital base; the upside is cross-sell (brokerage, appraisal, crop insurance, grain marketing) and the eventual land sale.[9]

Across both models the common threads are seasonality and cost pass-through, not pricing power. First-quarter payroll runs below an even quarter's 25% of the annual total in every child — most sharply in custom harvesting (Q1 ≈ 16% of annual, a fall-weighted business), least in year-round farm management (~24%) — a clean fingerprint of how seasonal each piece is.[2] Metrics that matter differ by model: utilization, throughput, and packout for the processors; gross profit per worker-day, receivable days, and managed-acre retention for the intermediaries.

6. What drives demand

Every child ultimately rides the same farm economy, but each keys off a different slice of it:

• Planted acreage and crop mix — the master variable. More acres, and shifts toward pass-intensive or hand-harvested crops, mean more work. USDA's June 2026 Acreage report estimated ~9.85 million cotton acres (up ~6% on 2025), ~95.3 million corn, and ~85.4 million soybeans — the physical base for ginning, field operations, and harvesting.[17]
• Farm income and crop prices — when margins are thin, farmers do more themselves; when flush, they outsource. USDA's Economic Research Service (ERS) forecasts 2026 net farm income near $153.4 billion (roughly flat to a government-payment-propped 2025) against record production expenses (~$477.7 billion), with genuinely soft crop margins in 2025–2026 — a mixed, mostly cautious signal for discretionary outsourcing.[18]
• Labor scarcity and the H-2A program — a shrinking, aging, less-authorized domestic farm workforce is the demand engine for labor contracting and a tailwind for automation. H-2A guest-worker certifications rose from ~48,000 positions (FY2005) to ~385,000 (FY2024), and contractors' share of them climbed from ~13% to ~43%.[19]
• Absentee land ownership and the generational transfer — roughly 79% of rented U.S. farmland is owned by non-farmers, the average landlord is ~69, and ~40% of farmland is rented; as that land passes to scattered heirs, demand for professional management structurally rises.[20]
• Fresh-produce and export consumption — postharvest volume tracks fresh, fresh-cut, and specialty-crop tonnage (almonds, avocados, berries, citrus), much of it exported. Cotton is the extreme case: exports are >85% of U.S. demand, so ginning rides global textile trade.[8][14]
• Weather — the shared wild card. A drought, freeze, or hurricane cuts throughput across every child at once.

7. Regulation

A common federal spine runs through the whole level, with child-specific layers on top.

Shared across the level: the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (pesticide safety); Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) agricultural standards (machine guarding, field sanitation); and the H-2A temporary agricultural worker program (Department of Labor certification, plus the mandated wage floor, the Adverse Effect Wage Rate or AEWR). A significant AEWR methodology change effective October 2, 2025 is reshaping labor cost across all six children and is a live policy fight.[19][21]

Child-specific layers:

• Cotton ginning (115111): USDA cotton classing/quality grading, farm-bill supports (seed-cotton Price Loss Coverage / Agriculture Risk Coverage), and EPA particulate-matter air permits; notably OSHA's cotton-dust standard excludes ginning.[14]
• Soil prep/planting (115112): pesticide-applicator certification under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), FAA aviation rules for aerial/drone spraying (Part 137/Part 107), and product-label/drift liability (the long-running dicamba saga).[15]
• Crop harvesting (115113): transport rules for moving oversize machines (Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration hours-of-service and ag exemptions) and nonroad-diesel emissions standards.[16]
• Postharvest (115114): the heaviest food-safety load — the FDA's Produce Safety Rule under the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), USDA's Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA), marketing orders, and fumigant phase-outs (methyl bromide).[8]
• Farm labor contracting (115115): the Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (MSPA) registration, H-2A surety bonds, Fair Labor Standards Act joint-employer liability, and state FLC licensing (California, Washington).[12]
• Farm management (115116): state real-estate/fiduciary rules, SEC oversight when bundled into funds/REITs, and foreign/institutional-ownership reporting (AFIDA) and anti-corporate-farming laws.[9]

8. Consolidation

Every child in the level is consolidating — but the reason differs, and it splits along the same growing/shrinking line as everything else.

• Consolidation by attrition (the shrinking children). Cotton ginning and custom harvesting are losing operators outright: active U.S. gins fell from ~510 (2021) to ~446 (2024) as fixed-cost economics reward fewer, bigger plants, and the custom-cutter ranks are thinning on declining wheat acreage and an aging operator base.[14][16] USDA ERS captures the broad pattern: inflation-adjusted receipts for agricultural services rose 263% from 1978 to 2022 while the number of active establishments fell 10% — bigger businesses, fewer of them.[22]
• Consolidation by roll-up (the growing/fragmented children). Soil prep is being rolled up by ag-retail chains and cooperatives bundling custom application with inputs; farm labor contracting is professionalizing as compliance cost and H-2A complexity reward scale and squeeze one-van crew leaders; farm management is absorbing bank/trust farm departments and regional firms into national platforms.[9][12][15]
• Consolidation by automation (postharvest). Optical sorters and automated packing lines favor operators large enough to afford them, gradually squeezing sub-scale hand-sort houses; the same avocado deal (Mission Produce's ~$483M absorption of Calavo, 2026) shows integrated grower-packers combining.[8]

Competition in all six is intensely local and relationship-driven — a gin, a custom crew, a packing house, a labor contractor, or a farm manager competes within trucking distance or a county, on reliability and trust rather than a national brand. No child has a firm with meaningful national share; federal data publish no concentration ratio for any of them.

9. Risks

The level shares a common risk core, with a few child-specific tails:

• Weather and seasonality (all six). Revenue is compressed into weeks and hostage to acreage and yield; a drought or freeze can erase a season's throughput while fixed costs come due.
• Farm-income cyclicality and DIY substitution (all six). Soft crop margins (as flagged for 2025–2026) push farmers to cut discretionary custom work and do more themselves.[18]
• Labor cost and availability (all six, acute for 115113/115114/115115). Scarce skilled operators, ag pilots, and field labor plus H-2A wage/rule volatility hit the cost base directly.[19]
• Thin margins, capital intensity, and utilization (the processors). Expensive iron and facilities used a few weeks a year punish under-utilization and can strand assets in a declining crop area.[14][16]
• No pure-play / diffusion risk (all six, for public investors). Every listed proxy buries this activity inside a broader business (equipment, produce, real estate, staffing), so the link to 11511 economics is loose and hard to isolate.
• Child-specific tails: cotton trade/export exposure (115111); spray-drift liability and chemical bans (115112); food-safety recalls and perishability (115114); joint-employer wage litigation, immigration enforcement, and trafficking/forced-labor prosecutions (115115); farmland-value and interest-rate sensitivity plus political backlash against institutional/foreign ownership (115116).[8][12][14]

10. How to invest, and the outlook

Public routes (indirect only). Concentrate where the proxies are usable: postharvest via grower-packer-shippers (DOLE, FDP, AVO, LMNR), cold-storage REITs (COLD, LINE), and equipment (JBTM); farm management and farmland via REITs (FPI, LAND) and asset-manager parents (PRU, MFC); field operations and harvesting via the farm-capex equipment names (DE, AGCO, CNH, KUBTY, TITN) plus input suppliers (NTR, CTVA). Analyze each on its own operating drivers — segment results, equipment volumes, crop-input margins, land values, staffing volumes — not on 11511's payroll. A broad agricultural-equipment or ag-sector fund captures the same farm-capex driver with diversification.

Private routes (where the industry actually is). This is a private-market and roll-up story far more than a public one. The credible theses: build or buy a custom-application, drone-spray, custom-harvesting, or packing operation; roll up fragmented local operators — the clearest opportunities are aging-owner independents in soil prep, labor contracting, and farm management; acquire or back a regional farm-management platform or an H-2A staffing/software company; finance equipment and seasonal working capital; or own farmland (directly or through a fund/REIT) and sit near the value chain with lower operational risk. Diligence everywhere centers on the same short list: seasonal utilization/throughput, customer concentration, equipment/facility condition, labor and compliance records, working-capital needs, and succession. Farmer cooperatives (PCCA, Staplcotn, Sunkist, Blue Diamond, Ocean Spray) cannot be bought as equity — participation means being a grower-member.

Outlook (forward-looking judgment). Near-term, the whole level faces a soft farm economy — government-propped income masking genuinely weak crop margins in 2025–2026 — so discretionary outsourcing and processing volumes stay under pressure.[18] Structurally, the level bifurcates along the lines this primer has drawn: the people-and-compliance children (farm labor contracting, farm management) and precision/automation-enabled services ride durable tailwinds — a shrinking farm workforce, a historic generational land transfer, and the shift of field work from farmer-DIY toward a service model; the commodity-processing children (cotton ginning, custom harvesting) keep contracting into fewer, larger, more efficient operators; and postharvest packing remains steady, essential, automating infrastructure. Across all six, margins stay volatile, the best operators win on utilization, reliability, and compliance discipline, and the cleanest public exposure remains the equipment makers, retailers, cold-storage landlords, and farmland REITs that surround the work rather than the operators themselves.

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Sources

1. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 NAICS Manual and Sector 11 definitions — NAICS 1151 / 11511 "Support Activities for Crop Production" scope and the six 6-digit codes 115111–115116. https://www.census.gov/naics/reference_files_tools/2022_NAICS_Manual.pdf
2. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023 — NAICS 11511 and children 115111–115116 (establishments, employment, annual and first-quarter payroll); Histometrics ingested federal ground-truth statistics. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html
3. Histometrics child primers 115111–115116 (synthesized direction-of-travel, ownership, and investability judgments; internal working drafts).
4. U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small Business Size Standards Matched to NAICS Codes, 2023 (115111 $16.0M; 115112 $9.5M; 115113 $13.5M; 115114 $34.0M; 115115 $19.0M; 115116 $15.5M). https://www.sba.gov/document/support-table-size-standards
5. IBISWorld, "Crop Services in the US" (NAICS 1151 grouping; ~$32B revenue; ~73,000 businesses). https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/industry/crop-services/89/
6. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2022 Census of Agriculture — farm production expenses, "Customwork and custom hauling" ($10.05B; 391,283 farms). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2022/
7. Cooperatives and integrated grower-packers: Sunkist, Blue Diamond, Sun-Maid, and Ocean Spray "About" pages; Plains Cotton Cooperative Association (PCCA) and Staple Cotton Cooperative Association (Staplcotn). https://sunkist.com/en-us/about-us; https://pcca.com/who-we-are/about-pcca/
8. Postharvest primer sources: Dole plc, Fresh Del Monte, Mission Produce, and Limoneira SEC filings; UC/UF citrus packing-charge studies; Americold and Lineage (cold-storage REITs); Mission–Calavo acquisition (2026). https://www.sec.gov/; https://crec.ifas.ufl.edu/
9. Farm-management primer sources: Farmland Partners and Gladstone Land 10-Ks; Nuveen/TIAA Natural Capital; PGIM/CAPS; Farmers National Company; USDA/High Plains Journal on 5%–10% management fees. https://www.farmersnational.com/our-story; https://www.sec.gov/
10. Equipment and input makers: Deere, AGCO, CNH Industrial, Kubota, Titan Machinery, Nutrien, Corteva (SEC filings and company reports). https://www.sec.gov/
11. The Andersons, Inc., 10-K and Skyland Grain majority-stake announcement (2024); Bajaj Steel Industries (BSE 507944 / NSE BAJAJST) profile. https://investors.andersonsinc.com/
12. Farm-labor-contracting primer sources: U.S. DOL MSPA and H-2A statistics; MetLife Investment Management, "The Evolving Landscape of U.S. Farm Labor" (FLC share of H-2A ~43%); Seso $26M Series B; staffing proxies (TrueBlue, ManpowerGroup) 10-Ks. https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/agriculture/mspa
13. Precision/drone-service and fractional-platform entrants: Guardian Agriculture, Hylio, Rantizo; AcreTrader and FarmTogether. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/agriculture-drones-market
14. Cotton-ginning primer sources: USDA NASS Cotton Ginnings 2024 Summary (active gins 510→446); National Cotton Ginners Association; NCGA cost-of-ginning survey; USDA ERS cotton export share. https://www.cotton.org/ncga/
15. Soil-prep primer sources: University of Nebraska and Ohio State extension custom-rate surveys; EPA FIFRA applicator certification; FAA Part 137/107; National Agricultural Law Center on dicamba. https://cap.unl.edu/news/custom-rates-2025-field-operations/
16. Crop-harvesting primer sources: state extension custom-rate surveys; own-vs-hire economics (OSU/farmdoc); U.S. Custom Harvesters, Inc.; FMCSA agricultural exemptions. https://www.agmanager.info/machinery/custom-rates
17. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Acreage, June 30, 2026 (2026 plantings: cotton ~9.85M, corn 95.3M, soybeans 85.4M acres). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/acrg0626.pdf
18. USDA Economic Research Service, Farm Sector Income Forecast (2026 net farm income ~$153.4B; production expenses ~$477.7B; soft crop margins 2025–2026). https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-sector-income-finances/farm-sector-income-forecast
19. USDA ERS "Farm Labor"; U.S. DOL / Congressional Research Service H-2A Adverse Effect Wage Rates and October 2, 2025 methodology change; UC Davis Rural Migration News (FLC H-2A share ~13%→43%). https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-labor
20. USDA NASS "Most of the U.S. Rented Farmland is Owned by Non-Farmers" (~79% non-farmer-owned; avg. landlord ~69) and USDA ERS "Farmland Ownership and Tenure" (~40% rented). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Newsroom/2026/03-12-2026.php
21. U.S. EPA, "Agricultural Worker Protection Standard (WPS)," and OSHA agricultural standards (29 CFR 1928). https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/agricultural-worker-protection-standard-wps
22. USDA Economic Research Service, "The Growing Contribution of Support Services to U.S. Agricultural Production" (inflation-adjusted ag-services receipts +263% 1978–2022; active establishments −10%). https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/charts-of-note/109259