Other Textile Product Mills (U.S.)

NAICS 2022 code 3149 — a Histometrics rollup primer

NAICS is the North American Industry Classification System, the standard code set the U.S. government uses to group businesses. This is the 4-digit "industry group" level. It sits inside subsector 314, Textile Product Mills, as the catch-all sibling of 3141 (Textile Furnishings Mills — carpets, rugs, curtains, linens): once the furnishings are pulled out, "Other Textile Product Mills" is everything else that sews, twists, or converts fabric and fiber into a finished good.

1. Overview

This industry group is the cut-and-convert side of American textiles: firms that buy woven cloth, yarn, or fiber from someone else and fabricate it into a finished product. It splits into two children that share a filing convention and almost nothing else. One (31491) cuts and sews heavy fabric into bags, tarpaulins, tents, awnings, sails, and covers. The other (31499) is a genuine grab-bag — rope, cordage, twine, and tire reinforcement on one side, and batting, felt, sleeping bags, nets, flags, parachutes, technical textiles, and contract embroidery on the other.

For an investor, 3149 is a small, unglamorous, durable slice of the industrial economy — roughly $10.4 billion in annual shipments [1] spread across 3,552 firms [1] and 53,450 workers [2]. Its defining features are fragmentation, private ownership, and import pressure on everything commoditized. There is no U.S.-listed pure-play anywhere in the group. Public-market investors can touch only thin, indirect slivers — though the reachable set is somewhat wider than it looks, and one foreign-listed owner now discloses real operating numbers for a business inside the code [13]. The real returns are still private: this is an industry you own or operate, not one you buy a ticker for.

2. What's inside — the two child industries and how they differ

The group has exactly two children. The bigger one by revenue (31499) is also the more concentrated and the more industrially varied; the smaller one (31491) is the more uniform cut-and-sew world. The single most useful move at this altitude is to hold the two side by side.

(CR4 is the share of revenue held by the four largest firms; HHI is the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, a standard concentration measure where higher means more concentrated. PE is private equity.)

The two children are separate product markets — nobody buys tire cord as a substitute for a boat cover — so the "average" 3149 company does not exist. Read the group's blended statistics in Section 3 with that split in mind.

One structural asymmetry is worth noting before you go deeper. 31491 has exactly one 6-digit child (314910), so the 5-digit page is a thin pass-through and the real company-by-company detail sits one level down in the 314910 primer [3]. 31499 splits again into 314994 (rope, cordage, twine, tire cord) and 314999 (all other miscellaneous) — two businesses that are as different from each other as the group's own halves [4]. The tree is lopsided, and the interesting internal contrasts are all on the 31499 side.

3. How big it is (this level's rollup figures)

Federal figures for the combined group (Histometrics ground truth). The children sum cleanly to the group on every physical metric — a useful check that these two really are the whole of 3149:

(County Business Patterns, "CBP," is the Census Bureau's annual count of employer establishments, jobs, and payroll.)

That works out to about $2.9 million of revenue per firm and roughly $46,700 average pay per worker [1][2] — both blends of two different distributions that describe no actual company.

Read the concentration numbers with care. The group HHI of 71.1 is near the theoretical floor — one of the least concentrated corners of U.S. manufacturing, and lower than either child on its own (31491 runs ~87.5, 31499 runs 155) [1][3][4]. That is a rollup artifact, not a real signal: combining two distinct product markets dilutes measured concentration. The revised child pages now let you locate the one concentrated pocket precisely. It is 314994 — rope, cordage, twine, tire cord — which carries a CR4 near 39% and an HHI near 607 across just 106 firms and roughly $1.9 billion of shipments [4], a small, capital-heavy, globally oligopolistic node sitting inside a $10.41 billion group of 3,552 firms [1]. Everything else in 3149 is genuinely fragmented.

Undercount caveat. These counts capture employer establishments only, and the group is undercounted hardest at the tiny-operator end. Much awning, canvas, cover, and repair work (31491) is done by one- and two-person shops that never file as employers, and some of it blurs into the upholstery and repair trades [3]; the 31499 half folds in thousands of home-based embroidery, monogramming, and craft-batting operators who file as nonemployer sole proprietors — trade trackers put commercial-embroidery shops alone above 15,000 in the U.S. [9]. So the true number of operators touching this group is materially higher than 3,552, even though payroll and shipment dollars are captured reasonably well.

Separately — and this is the sharper point the revised children now support — receipts badly understate domestic consumption. These are figures for what U.S. mills make, not what Americans buy. Set the 31491 half's ~$4.36 billion of domestic shipments [3] against a global textile-bag market estimated near $60 billion and a global flexible-bulk-bag market near $5.3 billion [7][8]; on the 31499 side, the U.S. imported roughly 79,000 tons of cordage in 2024 [17], and much tire-cord scale sits on foreign parent accounts rather than in U.S. mill statistics [4]. For commodity items — standard tarps, poly sacks, reusable totes, twine, basic fillings, low-end decoration — imports from Asia dominate, and U.S. mills capture mainly the custom, urgent, oversized, certified, or government-mandated share [3][4]. No part of this group is distorted by government ownership; it is genuinely small — simply undercounted at the small-operator end and globally sourced at the commodity end.

4. The investable universe (where value concentrates across the children)

The single most important fact still holds: there is no U.S.-listed pure-play anywhere in this group, and no dedicated exchange-traded fund (ETF) targets the code. What has changed with the revised children is the breadth and quality of the indirect exposure. The reachable set is wider than a single packaging stock, and for the first time the group has a disclosed operating benchmark — but every route is a diversified company, and the American businesses in this code remain overwhelmingly private.

In the bag/canvas child (31491), public exposure now runs down two tracks. The industrial-packaging track is Greif (NYSE: GEF), which largely exited flexible bulk bags in 2022; Sonoco (NYSE: SON), via a small bulk-bag joint venture; and Amcor (NYSE: AMCR), whose relevant products are mostly plastic film in an adjacent code. The marine-and-RV-components track is new to this page: Patrick Industries (NASDAQ: PATK) owns Tumacs Covers, a maker of custom boat covers and bimini tops, and LCI Industries (NYSE: LCII) sells awnings and marine covers inside much larger RV and transportation segments [3]. Branded outdoor names such as Johnson Outdoors and Clarus design tents and covers but generally manufacture abroad — consumer-brand plays, not domestic-mill plays [3]. Genuine ownership is private: thousands of family canvas/awning/cover shops plus PE-backed consolidators in flexible bulk bags, defense textiles, and specialty covers (Covercraft took a majority investment from Audax Private Equity in 2021; North Sails has consolidated several leading sailmaking brands under Oakley Capital-backed structures, reachable at fund level through London-listed Oakley Capital Investments) [3].

In the "all other" child (31499), public value still concentrates in the tire-cord/reinforcement sliver — and it is foreign-listed: Kordsa Teknik Tekstil (Borsa Istanbul: KORDS), Hyosung Advanced Materials (Korea Exchange: 298050), Kolon Industries (KRX: 120110), SRF Ltd. (NSE/BSE India: SRF), Bekaert (Euronext Brussels: BEKB), Toray (Tokyo: 3402) and Teijin (Tokyo: 3401), plus Bridgestone (Tokyo: 5108 / OTC: BRDCY), which owns captive Firestone Fibers [4]. The tire majors — Goodyear (Nasdaq: GT), Michelin (Euronext Paris: ML), Continental (Frankfurt: CON) — are the demand side, not producers [4]. Two additions matter. Aimia (TSX: AIM / JSE: AII) owns Cortland International, giving the rope side its first disclosed public option: C$150.4 million of 2025 revenue at a 22.4% gross margin and 13.2% adjusted EBITDA margin, though it is a global rope-and-netting business inside a holding company, not a clean U.S. exposure [13]. Upstream, Avient (NYSE: AVNT) owns the Dyneema high-modulus polyethylene business, whose returns depend on many applications beyond rope [4]. The batting/embroidery/technical-textile remainder is close to unreachable: TransDigm (NYSE: TDG) owns Airborne Systems, a genuine in-code parachute and aerial-delivery business, but sales are not separately disclosed and the exposure is heavily diluted inside a large aerospace conglomerate; Culp (NYSE: CULP) and Unifi (NYSE: UFI) are adjacent-code proxies, not exposure [4].

Where the domestic value actually lives (private): family awning/canvas/cover shops and bulk-bag makers (31491) [3]; rope and specialty-cordage mills (Samson, Cortland, WireCo/Onex, Yale Cordage/Slingmax, Teufelberger/New England Ropes, Sterling Rope), tire-cord operations (Kordsa U.S., Firestone Fibers, Milliken), batting/fiberfill and technical converters (Fairfield Processing, The Warm Company, Wm. T. Burnett), sleeping bags (Exxel Outdoors), flags (Annin Flagmakers), recovered fiber (Leigh Fibers, Barnet), and thousands of independent embroidery shops (31499) [4]. To own this group through public markets you buy foreign tire-reinforcement makers, Aimia, or a diversified packaging or RV-components stock; to own the American business you almost have to do it privately.

5. How the money works

Across both children this is a manufacturing spread business — selling price minus (purchased fiber/fabric + labor + machine overhead + freight) — run through a plant whose fixed costs must be covered by throughput. The levers:

• Input-cost pass-through is the master variable. Petroleum-linked polyester, nylon, and polypropylene dominate the cost sheet in both children (plus steel wire in tire cord, PVC in tarps, cotton in batting and traditional cordage); U.S. polyester staple fiber ran around $1.50/kg in late 2025 [16]. Margins live or die on repricing fast enough when oil-linked feedstock swings. Tire-cord contracts often carry raw-material adjustment clauses; commodity twine, tarps, basic fillings, and low-end embroidery have almost no pricing power and compete straight against imports [3][4].
• Recent pricing evidence. On the bag/canvas side, BLS reported industry selling prices 6.8% higher in March 2026 than in March 2025, including a 7.2% increase for canvas and related products [11] — converters have been raising output prices, though that alone does not show whether the increases kept pace with labor and materials.
• Skilled labor and machine utilization are the bottlenecks. In the cut-and-sew world (31491) skilled sewing labor is scarce and hard to automate; in tire cord, a full plant that extrudes, twists, weaves, and heat-sets is very profitable while a half-empty one bleeds fixed cost; in contract embroidery, revenue turns on run-rate per embroidery head on modest capital, which keeps barriers low and margins thin [3][4].
• Product mix / value-add is the escape hatch everywhere. Margins scale with engineering, fit, speed, and certification content: a made-to-measure boat cover or restaurant awning, a Berry-compliant military order, high-modulus specialty rope, tire reinforcement spec'd into a customer's design, or flame-resistant/medical/filtration textiles all earn well above the input-plus-labor floor. Standard tarps, poly bags, commodity twine, and undifferentiated stitching sit at that floor [3][4].
• Freight is a modest natural shield for bulky, low-density goods (batting and finished covers are expensive to ship), partially offsetting import pressure on those lines.

The group's one public benchmark. Because everything domestic is private, hard operating numbers are rare — which makes Aimia's Cortland International the only disclosed reference point anywhere in 3149: C$150.4 million of 2025 revenue at a 22.4% gross margin and 13.2% adjusted EBITDA margin. In Q4 2025 revenue fell 17.1% and the adjusted EBITDA margin dropped to 12.0% from 16.2% a year earlier, which management attributed to tariff-related softness in marine and shipping rope and the non-recurrence of strong North American offshore-energy projects [13]. Treat it as one engineered-rope data point, not a group average — but it illustrates the operating leverage and project lumpiness that run through the whole group.

The through-line: the price ceiling on the commodity end is set by imports, so domestic survivors move up into engineered, certified, made-in-USA product where price is not the only thing that matters.

6. What drives demand

The two children run on largely independent demand engines — which is exactly why the group as a whole is steadier than any one of its end markets.

31491 (bags/canvas) is spread across a loosely correlated bundle: agriculture (seed, feed, bulk bags); construction (tarps, jobsite covers); trucking and logistics (flatbed/dump tarps, liners); marine and recreation (sails, boat/pool covers, tents); events and hospitality (party tents, awnings, patio shade); and defense (tents, packs, covers) [3]. A structural tailwind: single-use-plastic-bag bans lift demand for reusable textile totes [7].

31499 (all other) runs on two more engines. On the rope/tire-cord side: vehicle production and — more so — tire replacement, with the U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association projecting 340.2 million U.S. tire shipments for 2025 (replacement up 4.4 million units, original-equipment down 1.4 million versus 2024) [15], and heavier electric vehicles needing more and better reinforcement; plus marine and shipping, offshore energy including offshore wind, fishing/aquaculture, defense/naval, rigging and life-safety, and agriculture (baler twine, against more than 600 million North American hay and silage bales a year) [4]. A distinct structural driver here is synthetic-to-steel substitution: high-modulus polyethylene and aramid systems can cut weight by more than 80% versus steel wire in suitable applications, opening mooring, offshore lifting, floating wind, and material handling [4]. On the miscellaneous side: furniture, mattresses, housing turnover, bedding/crafts, and outdoor recreation for batting and fillings; promotional products, uniforms, and team/event spending behind contract embroidery [9]; and defense and aerospace procurement behind parachutes, military sleeping bags, and Berry-compliant technical gear [4].

Shared swing factor: oil-linked petrochemical feedstock prices move the cost base of both children at once.

7. Regulation

No price regulation anywhere in this group; the rules that bite are procurement, trade, and product safety — and several apply to both children at once.

• Berry Amendment (both children — a shared protected demand pocket). This domestic-sourcing law (10 U.S.C. §4862) requires most U.S. Department of Defense textile purchases — tents, tarps, covers, bags, packs, webbing, naval line, sleeping bags, parachutes, technical gear — to be made in the United States from fiber onward [5][6]. It carves out an import-proof pocket of demand for "Berry-compliant" fabricators on both sides of the group [3][4].
• Trade remedies and tariffs (both children, double-edged). Antidumping/countervailing duties on upstream inputs (e.g., polyester staple fiber and textured yarn) protect domestic fiber but raise fabricators' costs, while Section 301 tariffs on finished Chinese bags, rope, twine, and decorated goods give domestic mills some price cover. The same tariff can help a finished-goods maker and hurt a firm that imports fiber [3][4].
• Product safety and flammability (varies by child). Tents and awnings meet CPAI-84 (a Canvas Products Association International tent-flammability standard) and NFPA 701 (a National Fire Protection Association flame-propagation test) [3]; batting, fiberfill, mattresses, and sleeping bags fall under Consumer Product Safety Commission flammability standards under the Flammable Fabrics Act, state "law label" filling-disclosure laws, and the FTC's Textile Fiber Products Identification Act [4]; life-safety and load-bearing cordage answers to Cordage Institute/ASTM and climbing-rope standards, with OSHA's sling rule (29 CFR 1910.184) prescribing identification, inspection, rated-load, and removal-from-service requirements [4].
• Chemical and PFAS regulation (both, and escalating). PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) coatings for water and stain resistance are under increasing pressure from both ends: California's AB 1817 restricted new regulated-PFAS textile articles beginning January 1, 2025 [18], and EPA's TSCA Section 8(a)(7) rule reaches parties that manufactured or imported PFAS or PFAS-containing articles since 2011 [19], with state product restrictions moving faster than federal ones. Fabricators on both sides face product, reporting, and reformulation cost.
• Environmental and worker safety (both). EPA's textile-mills effluent guidelines specifically identify tire-cord and fabric dipping among regulated wastewater-generating processes [20], and its textile-coating NESHAP addresses hazardous air pollutants in cord dipping and fabric finishing [4]. Routine OSHA fiber-dust and machine-guarding rules apply throughout, with the cotton-dust standard reaching cotton-waste processing and garnetting [4]. Injury exposure is real but not extreme: BLS reported a 2024 total-recordable rate of 3.8 cases per 100 full-time workers in the bag/canvas industry, driven by cutting equipment, repetitive motion, and installation work [12].

8. Consolidation

This is one of the most fragmented industry groups in the federal data — group HHI 71.1 and CR4 12.7% sit near the theoretical floor [1]. But the fragmentation is not uniform, and the blended numbers hide where M&A actually happens.

• 31491 barely consolidates. The four largest bag/canvas firms hold under 12% of receipts, the top fifty only 54.5%; the long tail of small awning and canvas shops has no natural national champion [3]. Real consolidation is confined to niches — flexible bulk bags, defense textiles, and specialty covers and sails — where PE-backed platforms are assembling scale. The Audax majority investment in Covercraft (2021) and North Sails' sponsor-backed roll-up of leading sailmaking brands both show that specialty brands and technical capability can attract institutional capital even in a floor-level-fragmented industry [3].
• 31499 consolidates on two different logics. Its tire-cord core is a global oligopoly (Kordsa, Hyosung, Kolon, Bekaert, captive Firestone, SRF, Milliken, Toray, Teijin) where scale and OEM (original-equipment-manufacturer) qualification are the moats and new capacity is built in Turkey and Asia. Its rope end is actively rolling up — Samson acquiring European ropemakers, River Associates buying Yale Cordage (2020, which then acquired Slingmax), Teufelberger acquiring New England Ropes, Onex's WireCo and Bekaert assembling multi-brand portfolios — as import pressure pushes survivors upmarket into high-performance synthetics [4]. The miscellaneous half (314999) barely consolidates at all: top-4 share around 22.5%, top-50 around 54%, no company near dominant, and little scale advantage in embroidery or niche converting [4].

One disclosed price. Private deal terms in this group are almost never public, which makes Aimia's 2023 purchase of Cortland the group's only visible multiple: C$26.6 million of consideration for roughly C$36.5 million of trailing revenue, about 7.2× trailing adjusted EBITDA [14]. Net: the acquisition action at this level is private — PE roll-ups of rope, defense-textile, bulk-bag, specialty-cover, and technical-textile mills, plus global capacity shifts in tire cord — not domestic public-company M&A, of which there is essentially none. The vast tail of awning, canvas, and embroidery shops remains a patient private roll-up opportunity.

9. Risks

• Import competition (both children — the core structural risk). Low-cost imports cap commodity pricing on tarps, bags, rope, twine, fillings, felt, sleeping bags, and low-end decoration; recent tariff escalation has not produced a domestic manufacturing rebound — U.S. textile-mill output fell in 2025 as sourcing re-routed to Vietnam, Bangladesh, India, and Mexico rather than reshoring [4][21].
• Input-cost / oil volatility (both). Polyester, nylon, and polypropylene track oil; margins compress when feedstock spikes faster than prices can reset [3][4][16].
• Scarce and aging skilled labor (mostly 31491). Sewing skill is hard to hire and hard to automate [3].
• Cyclicality and lumpy orders (both). A downturn empties capital-intensive tire-cord plants fast and softens furniture, housing, marine, corporate-marketing, and defense budgets; custom, project, and Berry-compliant work is lumpy — Cortland's Q4 2025 revenue decline on project non-recurrence is a live example [13].
• Thin margins and low entry barriers (both, acute in embroidery and commodity fabrication). Easy entry keeps margins thin; thin balance sheets and key-person risk add operating fragility [3][4].
• Trade-policy whiplash (both). The same tariff helps one firm and hurts another depending on where it sits in the fiber-to-finished-goods chain [3][4].
• Substitution and customer concentration. Rigid containers and plastic film substitute for textile bags; steel/polyester/nylon/aramid shifts can strand tire-cord capacity; tire-cord makers sell to a handful of tire OEMs, where losing a qualification is material [3][4].
• Product liability (both). Shelters, awnings, food-contact and hazardous-material bags, ropes, slings, parachutes, fire hose, and infant products all carry failure consequences that are large relative to the size of the firms making them [3][4].
• Chemical and environmental liability (both, rising). PFAS reformulation cost, TSCA reporting, state textile restrictions, and finishing-effluent exposure are growing faster than the industry's ability to price them [18][19][20].

10. How to invest and the outlook

Public route (narrow, indirect, and split by child). There is no U.S. pure-play and no dedicated ETF. Public-market investors reach the bag/canvas end through diversified industrial-packaging stocks (Greif GEF, Sonoco SON, Amcor AMCR) or marine-and-RV-components names (Patrick Industries PATK, LCI Industries LCII) where canvas covers and awnings are a small piece of a large business [3]; and the rope/tire-cord end through foreign-listed tire-reinforcement makers (Kordsa BIST: KORDS; Hyosung KRX: 298050; Kolon KRX: 120110; SRF NSE: SRF; Bekaert Brussels: BEKB; Toray Tokyo: 3402; Teijin Tokyo: 3401), Aimia (TSX: AIM) for Cortland rope [13], Avient (NYSE: AVNT) for Dyneema fiber upstream, or the tire majors (Goodyear GT, Michelin ML, Continental CON) for the demand pull [4]. Even these are diversified companies, not clean bets on the code.

Private route (where the American industry actually trades). This is where the returns are:

• Bag/canvas (31491): buy and professionalize a profitable regional canvas/awning/cover shop, build a roll-up of local fabricators, acquire a flexible bulk-bag producer, or back a Berry-compliant defense-textile platform — the path PE has already taken in specialty covers and sails [3].
• All other (31499): two distinct plays. Engineered rope and specialty cordage is textbook lower-middle-market buyout territory, where the attractive assets are spec'd-in, certification-gated products with defense, marine, and energy exposure and real pricing power. The miscellaneous half is classic entrepreneurship-through-acquisition (ETA) / search-fund ground — an embroidery/decoration platform or a niche technical/medical/filtration/defense converter, at SBA-loan scale given roughly 12 employees per establishment and Small Business Administration size standards of 500–550 employees that nearly every firm clears easily [4][10].

Outlook. The commodity lines across both children stay mostly flat and import-pressured — reshoring rhetoric has not produced a domestic boom, and 2025 U.S. textile output went the other way [21] — while real growth clusters in defensible pockets: specialty rope (offshore wind, aquaculture, naval rebuild, synthetics displacing steel), tire cord (a record replacement-led market at a projected 340.2 million U.S. shipments for 2025, plus heavier EVs) [15], technical/medical/defense/recycled textiles, and reusable totes riding plastic-bag policy [7]. The two swing factors to watch across the whole group are trade policy (tariffs that help or hurt depending on position in the fiber-to-finished chain) and oil-linked feedstock costs. Bottom line: 3149 is a small, fragmented, import-pressured light-manufacturing group — a footnote for public-market investors, but a legitimate, cash-generative field for private operators who specialize, certify, and consolidate. It is a place to own or operate a business, not to buy a stock. For depth on each half, read the 31491 and 31499 primers.

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Sources

1. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census — Concentration Ratios and Selected Statistics (NAICS 3149) (receipts $10.411B; 3,552 firms; CR4 12.7%, CR8 17.7%, CR20 28.1%, CR50 44.2%; HHI 71.1), via Histometrics ingested federal statistics. https://data.census.gov/
2. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023 (NAICS 3149) (3,701 establishments; 53,450 employees; $2.498B annual payroll; $610.7M Q1 payroll), via Histometrics ingested federal statistics. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html
3. Histometrics child primer, Textile Bag and Canvas Mills (NAICS 31491), 2026 — and its underlying sources: U.S. Census 2022 Economic Census (receipts ~$4.36B; ~1,340 firms; CR4 11.7%, CR8 19.1%, CR20 36.1%, CR50 54.5%; HHI ~87.5) and CBP 2023 (1,336 establishments; 20,774 employees; ~$1.03B payroll); its single 6-digit child 314910; Greif, Sonoco, Amcor, Patrick Industries (Tumacs Covers) and LCI Industries filings; Audax Private Equity/Covercraft (2021) and Oakley Capital/North Sails; Berry Amendment; CPAI-84 and NFPA 701 flammability standards.
4. Histometrics child primer, All Other Textile Product Mills (NAICS 31499), 2026 — and its underlying sources: U.S. Census 2022 Economic Census (receipts ~$6.05B; 2,213 firms; CR4 20.0%, CR8 27.7%, CR20 41.5%, CR50 57.1%; HHI 155) and CBP 2023 (2,365 establishments; 32,676 employees; ~$1.47B payroll); its two children 314994 (shipments ~$1.887B; 106 firms; CR4 ~39%; HHI ~607) and 314999 (receipts ~$4.16B; 2,107 firms; CR4 ~22.5%; HHI suppressed; ~550-employee SBA standard); Kordsa/Sabancı, Hyosung, Kolon, SRF, Bekaert, Bridgestone Firestone Fibers, Milliken, Toray, Teijin; WireCo/Onex, Samson, River Associates/Yale Cordage and Slingmax, Teufelberger/New England Ropes, Sterling Rope, Cortland; Avient (Dyneema); TransDigm/Airborne Systems; Exxel Outdoors; Annin Flagmakers; Leigh Fibers and Barnet; Culp and Unifi filings; CPSC Flammable Fabrics Act, FTC Textile Fiber Products Identification Act, OSHA sling (29 CFR 1910.184) and cotton-dust standards, EPA textile-coating NESHAP.
5. International Trade Administration (trade.gov), The Berry Amendment (covered items: textiles, tents, tarps, covers, bags, webbing, sleeping bags), 2024. https://www.trade.gov/berry-amendment
6. Congressional Research Service, Domestic Preference Statutes: The Berry Amendment and the Kissell Amendment (IF13001), 2024. https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF13001
7. Market Research Future, Textile Bag Market Size, Share, Analysis & Forecast Report, 2024 (global market ~$59.5B in 2024; reusable-tote demand from single-use-plastic-bag bans), via Histometrics child primer 31491. https://www.marketresearchfuture.com/reports/textile-bag-market-25519
8. Future Market Insights, Flexible Intermediate Bulk Container (FIBC) Market, 2024 (global ~$5.3B), via Histometrics child primer 31491. https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/fibc-market
9. IBISWorld, Commercial Embroidery Services in the US — Industry Report, 2026 (15,000+ U.S. embroidery shops), via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/market-research-reports/commercial-embroidery-services-industry/
10. U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Size Standards (NAICS 3149 subindustries — 500–550 employees), 2023. https://www.sba.gov/document/support-table-size-standards
11. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Producer Price Index Detailed Report — March 2026 (NAICS 314910 price changes: +6.8% year over year; canvas and related products +7.2%), 2026, via Histometrics child primer 31491. https://www.bls.gov/ppi/detailed-report/ppi-detailed-report-march-2026.pdf
12. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Table 1 — Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses by industry (2024) (3.8 total recordable cases per 100 full-time workers), via Histometrics child primer 31491. https://www.bls.gov/web/osh/table-1-industry-rates-national.htm
13. Aimia Inc., Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2025 Results, 2026 (Cortland International: C$150.4M revenue, 22.4% gross margin, 13.2% adjusted EBITDA margin; Q4 2025 revenue −17.1%, adjusted EBITDA margin 12.0% vs 16.2% prior year), via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/aimia-reports-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-2025-results-882142684.html
14. Aimia Inc., Investor Presentation: Cortland Acquisition, July 2023 (C$26.6M consideration, ~C$36.5M trailing revenue, ~7.2× trailing adjusted EBITDA), via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://www.aimia.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Investor-Presentation_Cortland-Acquisition_July-2023_FINAL.pdf
15. U.S. Tire Manufacturers Association, July 2025 Forecast — U.S. Tire Shipments, 2025 (340.2M units projected for 2025; replacement +4.4M, OE −1.4M vs. 2024), via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://www.ustires.org/newsroom/ustma-july-2025-forecast
16. ChemAnalyst, Polyester Staple Fibre (PSF) Price Trend, 2025 (U.S. ~$1.50/kg, Q4 2025), via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/polyester-staple-fiber-32
17. IndexBox, United States' Twine and Cordage Market Overview 2024, 2024 (U.S. imports ~79,000 tons in 2024), via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://www.indexbox.io/blog/twine-and-cordage-united-states-market-overview-2024-1/
18. California Legislature, AB 1817 — Product safety: textile articles: perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS restrictions effective January 1, 2025), 2022, via Histometrics child primer 31491. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_id=202120220AB1817
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, TSCA Section 8(a)(7) Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements for Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances, 2025, via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/tsca-section-8a7-reporting-and-recordkeeping
20. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Textile Mills Effluent Guidelines (tire-cord and fabric dipping among regulated processes; PFAS use and wastewater discharge review), via Histometrics child primers 31491 and 31499. https://www.epa.gov/eg/textile-mills-effluent-guidelines
21. WWD / Sourcing Journal, It Will Take More Than Tariffs to Bring Back U.S. Textile Manufacturing, 2025, via Histometrics child primer 31499. https://wwd.com/sourcing-journal/industry-news/us-textile-manufacturing-tariffs-trade-ncto-cotswold-industries-mount-vernon-mills-1238937985/