Meat Processed from Carcasses (U.S.) — NAICS 311612

An investor's primer. Figures are for the United States. Dollar amounts are U.S. dollars.

1. Overview

NAICS 311612 — "Meat Processed from Carcasses" — is the part of the U.S. meat business that turns purchased carcasses and primal cuts into finished products: boxed beef and pork, plus value-added items like bacon, ham, sausage, hot dogs, lunch meat, and other cured, smoked, and packaged meats (poultry is a separate industry).[1] NAICS stands for the North American Industry Classification System, the standard code the U.S. government uses to organize industry statistics. Think of it as the cutting-and-processing step that sits between the slaughterhouse and the grocery deli case.

Why an investor should care: Americans eat a lot of meat — about 226 pounds of red meat and poultry per person in 2025 — so this is a large, defensive, consumer-staples business with steady end demand.[2] But it is also a spread business exposed to a commodity cycle: processors buy meat as an input and sell it finished, and their profit is the gap between the two. In 2025 that gap turned brutal on the beef side as a decades-low cattle herd sent live-animal costs to records.[3][4]

There are two ways in. Public-market investors can buy the large listed protein companies (Tyson, JBS, Hormel, Smithfield, and others) — though each is diversified across slaughter, processing, and other proteins, so none is a pure play on this one code. Private investors reach the industry through privately held processors (Cargill, Seaboard, Clemens, Johnsonville and hundreds of regional firms), producer-owned cooperatives, private equity, and direct ownership of regional or custom plants.

2. What it is and how it's structured

In scope (311612): establishments that process or preserve meat and meat byproducts (except poultry and small game) from purchased meats — assembling, cutting, and packing boxed beef and pork, and manufacturing bacon, bologna, cured and canned hams, hot dogs, sausage, luncheon meats, and similar products.[1]

The operating sequence typically begins with chilled or frozen primal cuts, trimmings, bellies, hams, or boxed meat purchased from a slaughter plant. Depending on the product, the processor then bones and trims it; grinds, blends, or forms it; adds salt, curing agents, spices, cultures, smoke, or other ingredients; cooks, ferments, dries, or chills it; slices it; and packages it for retail, foodservice, institutional, or private-label customers. Refrigeration, cold storage, sanitation, wastewater handling, packaging, and refrigerated distribution are integral rather than ancillary costs.[1]

What it excludes — and the adjacent codes:

• 311611 — Animal (except Poultry) Slaughtering. The kill floor: slaughtering cattle, hogs, sheep, and the boxed beef made at a slaughtering plant. This is where the "four firms control ~80% of beef" statistic actually lives — not in 311612.[5]
• 311613 — Rendering and Meat Byproduct Processing. Converting fat, bone, and offal into tallow, meal, and other byproducts.
• 311615 — Poultry Processing. All chicken and turkey slaughter and processing.
• 311710 — Seafood Product Preparation and Packaging (fish and shellfish).
• In-store butchery at a supermarket is retail (NAICS 445), not manufacturing, and prepared frozen meals can fall under other food-manufacturing codes.

Ownership mix: a barbell. A handful of very large, often vertically integrated or foreign-owned companies (Brazil's JBS and Marfrig, China's WH Group via Smithfield) sit above a long tail of independent regional sausage makers, ham and bacon curers, and boxed-meat cutters. Many of the biggest names are private (Cargill) or subsidiaries of a listed parent (Pilgrim's Pride, Smithfield). Legal structures include C-corporations, family-owned firms, and producer cooperatives.

3. How big it is

Federal statistics for NAICS 311612:

SBA is the U.S. Small Business Administration; its size standard is the employee count below which a firm counts as "small" for federal programs.

Concentration (2022 Economic Census): the top 4 firms earned 33.6% of industry revenue, the top 8 41.1%, the top 20 55.0%, and the top 50 70.2%; the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI, a standard 0–10,000 concentration score) was just 335.9.[9] By the usual thresholds that reads as an unconcentrated industry — which surprises people who have heard "four companies control the meat industry." That famous statistic is about beef slaughter (code 311611); the processing-from-carcasses step measured here is genuinely more fragmented, spread across hundreds of regional cured-meat and sausage plants.[5][9] For context, the 2017 Census showed similar concentration (CR4 33.0%, HHI 355), suggesting the structure has been stable over time.[10]

Undercount caveat. These manufacturing statistics capture only establishments classified in 311612 with paid employees. They understate the full economic footprint of "processing meat from carcasses" for two reasons: (1) the vertically integrated giants do enormous processing volume inside plants whose lead classification is slaughtering (311611) or whose branded prepared foods land in other food-manufacturing codes, so that activity is counted elsewhere; and (2) supermarket in-store meat cutting is booked as retail. This is not an industry hidden by government ownership or by tiny sole-proprietors — but the $81 billion figure is best read as the merchant processing slice, not the total value of meat processed from carcasses nationwide.[1][6] For scale, one industry estimate puts the broader U.S. processed-meat market (branded products across all channels) near $168 billion.[11]

4. The investable universe

No U.S.-listed company is a pure NAICS 311612 play; the listed protein firms span slaughter, processing, poultry, and packaged foods. Scale below is company-wide revenue, not the 311612 slice.

Major private / other owners:

• Cargill (Cargill Protein) — private; one of the "big four" beef companies and a major further-processor.
• National Beef Packing — controlled by Brazil's Marfrig, with producer co-op U.S. Premium Beef holding a stake.
• Boar's Head, Johnsonville, Clemens Food Group, Bob Evans Farms, Jones Dairy Farm, Bar-S, Indiana Packers, OSI Group, SugarCreek and hundreds of regional sausage, bacon, deli-meat, and co-manufacturing firms — mostly private/family-owned.

Takeaway: the public routes give diversified protein exposure, not a targeted bet on carcass processing. The most direct listed proxies for the value-added end of 311612 are Hormel and Smithfield's packaged-meats business.

5. How the money works

Processors run a conversion-spread model: buy carcasses or primal cuts, add labor and processing, and sell finished product for more than the input cost. The economics split into two very different businesses under one code:

A) Commodity cutting (boxed beef/pork, primals). High volume, thin margins. Profit tracks the gap between the cutout value (the wholesale worth of the fabricated cuts) and the cost of the carcass, minus labor and overhead. The metrics that matter:

• Gross processing spread — output price minus input meat cost.
• Plant capacity utilization / throughput — fixed costs are high, so keeping lines full is everything. In October 2025, beef-plant utilization fell to ~77% from ~85% a year earlier as cattle grew scarce.[3]
• Yield — sellable pounds per carcass — and the drop/byproduct credit from hides, fat, and offal.
• Labor cost — the industry employs ~146,000 people and is labor-intensive; wages and staffing swing margins.[7]

B) Value-added / branded processing (bacon, ham, sausage, deli, hot dogs). Higher and steadier margins, because a brand and a recipe add pricing power and buffer the raw-meat cost. Smithfield's Packaged Meats segment — the closest disclosed proxy for 311612 economics — earned a 12.5% operating margin in fiscal 2025, versus just 2.6% for its commodity Fresh Pork segment.[17] Tyson's Prepared Foods segment earned about 9% operating margin in fiscal 2025, while its commodity Pork segment ran negative.[14] Hormel — another branded-meats exemplar — earned roughly 9% operating margin in fiscal 2024.[18] Here the levers are brand mix, price realization, and input-cost pass-through rather than raw throughput.

Vertical integration shifts where earnings land. Smithfield illustrates the dynamic: approximately 80% of its Packaged Meats raw material comes from its own Fresh Pork segment, and raw-material expense rose $525 million in fiscal 2025 as pork prices climbed.[17] Integration secures supply and can smooth consolidated earnings, but it does not eliminate commodity exposure — it moves margin between upstream and downstream segments.

Cyclicality is the defining feature. Supply of the raw material moves on the multi-year cattle and hog cycle. In 2025 the U.S. cattle herd hit ~86.7 million head — the lowest since 1951 and a sixth straight annual decline — pushing cattle prices to records.[4] That is great for ranchers and feedlots but crushed packers: beef-processing margins ran deeply negative in 2025, on the order of -$170 to -$300+ per head.[19] The lesson for investors: in this industry, high animal prices usually mean squeezed processors, and the branded/value-added players weather it better than commodity cutters.

6. What drives demand

• Population and per-capita meat consumption. Steady and high: ~226 pounds of red meat and poultry per capita in 2025, with beef around 58.5 lb and pork ~49.7 lb (chicken, a separate code, leads at ~103 lb).[2] USDA baseline projections show beef edging down to ~55 lb by 2034 while pork holds near 53 lb and chicken rises to ~110 lb — mature rather than structurally collapsing demand.[20]
• The protein trend. High-protein diets are a tailwind for meat and meat snacks; the offsetting wildcard is the spread of GLP-1 weight-loss drugs, which can reduce how much people eat.
• Channel mix. Split between retail (grocery) and foodservice (restaurants). Food away from home reached 58.9% of total U.S. food expenditures in 2024 — a record share — with full- and limited-service restaurants accounting for 72.6% of that.[21] Rising foodservice share supports demand for portioned bacon, sausage, deli products, pizza toppings, and other labor-saving prepared proteins.
• Price and income. When meat prices spike, shoppers trade down (from steak to ground beef, or beef to pork/chicken) rather than stop buying — favoring processors with a broad product ladder.
• Exports. Global demand, especially a growing middle class in Asia and Latin America, supports prices. Total U.S. meat exports were about $21.3 billion in 2025, down ~6% as tight beef supply and trade frictions weighed.[22]
• Health perception (a structural headwind). The World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies processed meat as "Group 1 — carcinogenic to humans" and red meat as "Group 2A — probably carcinogenic," citing an ~18% higher colorectal-cancer risk per 50 grams of processed meat eaten daily. (IARC rates the strength of evidence, not the size of the risk, which is far smaller than for tobacco.)[23] This, plus sodium and nitrite concerns, pressures the cured/processed category over time.

7. Regulation

• Mandatory USDA inspection. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) enforces the Federal Meat Inspection Act with continuous, on-site inspection of meat plants, built around HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) — a science-based system for identifying and controlling contamination hazards.[24] Ready-to-eat lines carry particular post-cook contamination risk because slicing and packaging occur after the lethality step.[25] Recalls and outbreak investigations run through FSIS and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
• Fair-competition rules. The Packers and Stockyards Act, administered by USDA, governs fair dealing between packers and livestock producers. Enforcement has swung with administrations: a 2024 proposed rule to define "unfair practices" was later withdrawn in early 2026, and USDA scaled back antitrust cooperation with state attorneys general.[26][27]
• Labeling. USDA controls meat labeling, including "Product of USA" origin claims and nutrition labeling.
• Ingredients. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates certain additives; nitrites and nitrates used in curing are a recurring scrutiny point.
• Labor and safety. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) oversees a physically dangerous workplace with noise, dangerous machinery, slippery floors, ammonia refrigeration, hazardous chemicals, and musculoskeletal disorders.[28] The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a 3.7 total-recordable-case incidence rate per 100 full-time workers for NAICS 311612 in 2024.[29] The workforce is heavily immigrant, exposing plants to immigration-enforcement and child-labor-in-sanitation risk.
• Environmental. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and states regulate wastewater and emissions. Existing federal effluent rules under 40 CFR Part 432 cover direct-discharging further processors producing more than 6,000 pounds of finished product per day; EPA withdrew proposed tighter nitrogen and phosphorus requirements in August 2025.[30]

8. Competitive dynamics and consolidation

The slaughter tier (311611) is an oligopoly — JBS, Tyson, Cargill, and National Beef together control an estimated 80–85% of U.S. beef-processing capacity — and much scrutiny, antitrust litigation, and beef/pork price-fixing settlements target that concentration.[5] The processing-from-carcasses tier measured here is more fragmented (top-4 share ~34%), with the giants competing against hundreds of regional cured-meat and sausage specialists.[9]

Three structural features stand out:

• Vertical integration. The large players own slaughter, processing, and branded lines, capturing margin across the chain and smoothing the cattle cycle.
• Foreign control of U.S. capacity. JBS and Marfrig (Brazil) and WH Group/Smithfield (China) own large slices of U.S. beef and pork — a recurring political and national-security flashpoint. WH Group beneficially owned approximately 87% of Smithfield shares as of March 2026, making it a Nasdaq controlled company.[17]
• Consolidation vs. re-listing. The trend is toward scale, but capital markets recently pulled two giants back into public view: Smithfield's January 2025 IPO and JBS's June 2025 New York listing.[12][16]
• Labor and union exposure. Smithfield reported that 44% of its workforce was unionized or covered by collective bargaining agreements at year-end 2025, and specifically warned that rural labor shortages and immigration enforcement could disrupt operations.[17]

9. Risks

• Commodity-cycle and margin risk. The current cattle shortage is the acute example — record input costs, under-utilized plants, negative beef-processing margins — and herd rebuilding takes years, not quarters.[4][19]
• Food-safety and recall risk. A single failure can be existential. The 2024 Boar's Head listeria outbreak killed 10 people across 19 states, triggered a sweeping recall of roughly 7 million additional pounds across 71 products, and led the company to permanently close its Jarratt, Virginia plant.[31] Beyond the human cost, recalls bring liability, brand damage, and regulatory action.
• Animal disease and trade bans. Outbreaks (African swine fever, highly pathogenic avian influenza, BSE) can wipe out supply or slam export doors overnight.
• Labor. Chronic shortages, high injury rates, wage inflation, and immigration-enforcement exposure. Plants are often located near animal production rather than large labor pools.
• Customer concentration. Retailer bargaining power is significant; Smithfield's largest customer represented approximately 15% of consolidated fiscal 2025 sales.[17]
• Regulatory and antitrust. Shifting Packers and Stockyards enforcement, price-fixing litigation, and labeling rules.
• Consumer shift. Health perception (IARC Group 1 for processed meat), plant-based alternatives, and the demand drag from GLP-1 drugs.
• Trade and tariffs. Export dependence makes the industry sensitive to tariffs and trade disputes.
• Foreign-ownership politics. Legislation targeting foreign-owned processors and farmland could force divestitures or restrictions.
• Cyber and operational disruption. Automated production and cold-chain logistics are vulnerable to cyber attacks and plant outages.

10. How to invest and the outlook

Public-market routes. The listed options are diversified protein and packaged-food companies rather than pure carcass-processing plays: JBS (JBS), Tyson (TSN), Hormel (HRL), Smithfield (SFD), Pilgrim's Pride (PPC), Conagra (CAG), Kraft Heinz (KHC), Seaboard (SEB). For the value-added end of this specific code, Smithfield's Packaged Meats business — at ~$8.8 billion and 12.5% operating margins — is the closest disclosed proxy, followed by Hormel.[17][18] These are consumer-staples names typically valued on earnings and cash flow; several (Hormel, Tyson, Conagra, Kraft Heinz) are established dividend payers, which is much of their appeal — but the commodity-exposed names carry cyclical earnings swings that a headline valuation multiple can mask. Investors wanting exposure without single-name risk can use consumer-staples or food-and-agriculture funds.

Private routes. Because so much of the industry is private, this is fertile ground for private equity and family/strategic buyers of regional processors, producer-owned cooperatives (e.g., U.S. Premium Beef), private credit to mid-market plants, and direct ownership of custom, state-inspected, or specialty processing facilities. The most important diligence issues are not simply headline EBITDA: they are customer and SKU concentration, raw-material pass-through mechanics, normalized yield, plant utilization, USDA enforcement history, environmental permits, recall and insurance history, deferred refrigeration and wastewater capital expenditure, labor availability, union status, and whether earnings depend on temporarily favorable meat spreads. Upstream, cattle and farmland exposure is a separate — and in 2025, better-performing — way to play the same protein demand.

Near-term outlook (forward-looking). The dominant force is the cattle cycle at an extreme: the smallest herd since 1951 means record animal costs, under-utilized plants, and negative beef-processing margins that likely persist until herd rebuilding gains traction over the next several years.[4][19] That environment favors producers over commodity packers and rewards the branded, value-added processors that can pass costs through. Pork economics are less stretched than beef. Longer term, steady per-capita meat demand and export growth are supports, while the swing factors to watch are trade and tariff policy, food-safety performance, foreign-ownership politics, and how far health perception and GLP-1 drugs bend consumption.

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Sources

1. U.S. Census Bureau / NAICS Association, "NAICS Code 311612 — Meat Processed from Carcasses" (definition and scope), 2022. https://www.naics.com/naics-code-description/?code=311612
2. USDA Economic Research Service, "Per capita availability of red meat and poultry projected higher in 2025 and 2026," 2025. https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/charts-of-note/chart-detail?chartId=113119
3. Meat Institute, "The Reality of Beef and Cattle Markets" (plant utilization ~77%), October 2025. https://meatinstitute.org/sites/default/files/documents/The%20Reality%20of%20Beef%20and%20Cattle%20Markets.pdf
4. Farm Progress, "Pause in cow slaughter doesn't signal herd rebuilding this year" (cattle inventory 86.7M head, lowest since 1951), 2026. https://www.farmprogress.com/livestock/pause-in-cow-slaughter-doesn-t-signal-herd-rebuilding-this-year
5. The Regulatory Review, "Antitrust Enforcement in the Meatpacking Industry" (four firms >80% of beef), 2026. https://www.theregreview.org/2026/02/19/schuette-antitrust-enforcement-in-the-meatpacking-industry/
6. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census — industry receipts, firm count, and concentration, NAICS 311612 (Histometrics ingested federal statistics), 2022.
7. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023 — establishments, employment, and payroll, NAICS 311612 (Histometrics ingested federal statistics), 2023.
8. U.S. Small Business Administration, "Table of Small Business Size Standards" (NAICS 311612 = 1,000 employees), 2023.
9. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census — Concentration Ratios and HHI, NAICS 311612 (CR4 33.6%, CR8 41.1%, CR20 55.0%, CR50 70.2%, HHI 335.9) (Histometrics ingested federal statistics), 2022.
10. EPA Regulatory Impact Analysis, "Meat and Poultry Products Effluent Guidelines," table 2-7 (2017 Census concentration: CR4 33.0%, CR8 41.6%, CR20 56.0%, CR50 71.5%, HHI 355; 2012 CR4 32.8%, HHI 332), 2023. https://www.epa.gov/system/files/documents/2025-07/mpp_regulatory-impact-analysis_proposed_dec-2023.pdf
11. GlobeNewswire / Research and Markets, "$168.5 Billion U.S. Processed Meat Market Size and Shares Analysis (2025-2033)," 2025. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2025/04/01/3053335/28124/en/168-5-Billion-U-S-Processed-Meat-Market-Size-and-Shares-Analysis-2025-2033.html
12. Beef Central, "JBS delivers record net revenue of US$77b in strong 2024 full-year result," 2025; MEAT+POULTRY, "JBS shares begin trading on NYSE," 2025. https://www.beefcentral.com/news/jbs-delivers-record-net-revenue-of-us77b-in-strong-2024-full-year-result/; https://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/32034-jbs-shares-begin-trading-on-nyse
13. Tyson Foods, "Tyson Foods Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal 2024 Results" (net sales $53.3B), 2024. https://ir.tyson.com/news/news-details/2024/Tyson-Foods-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-And-Fiscal-2024-Results/default.aspx
14. Tyson Foods, "Tyson Foods Reports Fourth Quarter and Fiscal 2025 Results" (Prepared Foods ~$9.9B, 9.0% operating margin; Pork segment -3.4% margin), 2025. https://ir.tyson.com/news/news-details/2025/Tyson-Foods-Reports-Fourth-Quarter-And-Fiscal-2025-Results/default.aspx
15. PitchBook / Zacks, "Pilgrim's Pride 2025 Company Profile" (revenue ~$18.5B), 2025. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/zacks-industry-outlook-highlights-tyson-131500121.html
16. Smithfield Foods, "Smithfield Foods Announces Pricing of Initial Public Offering" (Nasdaq: SFD, Jan 2025), 2025. https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/smithfield-foods-announces-pricing-of-initial-public-offering-302361508.html
17. Smithfield Foods, FY2025 Form 10-K (Packaged Meats $8.757B, 56% of sales, 85% of operating profit, 12.5% operating margin; Fresh Pork 2.6% margin; ~80% of Packaged Meats raw material internally supplied; raw-material expense +$525M; 44% workforce unionized; WH Group ~87% ownership; largest customer ~15% of sales), 2026. https://investors.smithfieldfoods.com/sec-filings/sec-filings/content/0000091388-26-000014/smf-20251228.htm
18. Hormel Foods, "Hormel Foods Reports Fourth Quarter and Full-Year Fiscal 2024 Results" (net sales $11.9B; ~9% operating margin), 2024. https://www.hormelfoods.com/newsroom/press-releases/hormel-foods-reports-fourth-quarter-and-full-year-fiscal-2024-results/
19. Meatingplace, "Beef Packer Margins Turn Deeper Red as Cattle Costs Squeeze Profits," 2025; Drovers, "Unpacking the Beef," 2025. https://meatingplace.com/beef-packer-margins-run-redder-2/; https://www.drovers.com/news/industry/unpacking-beef-report-clarifies-cattle-market-realities-packer-challenges-trade-ten
20. USDA Economic Research Service, "Agricultural Projections to 2034" (beef 59.2 lb/capita 2024 → 55.3 lb 2034; pork 50.7 → 53.3 lb; chicken 102.1 → 110.4 lb), February 2025. https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/outlooks/110966/OCE-2025-1.pdf
21. USDA Economic Research Service, "Food Service Industry—Market Segments" (food away from home 58.9% of expenditures 2024; restaurants 72.6% of FAFH), 2025. https://ers.usda.gov/topics/food-markets-prices/food-service-industry/market-segments
22. US Import Data, "US Meat Exports Data 2025" (total meat exports ~$21.3B, -6%), 2025. https://www.usimportdata.com/blogs/us-meat-exports-data-2025-top-exporters-database
23. World Health Organization / International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Cancer: Carcinogenicity of the consumption of red meat and processed meat" (processed meat Group 1; red meat Group 2A; +18% colorectal risk per 50g/day), 2015/2018. https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/cancer-carcinogenicity-of-the-consumption-of-red-meat-and-processed-meat
24. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, "FY2024 Explanatory Notes" and inspection/HACCP mission, 2024. https://www.usda.gov/sites/default/files/documents/25-2024-FSIS.pdf
25. USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service, Directive 5000.1 (HACCP verification) and ready-to-eat testing program (post-cook contamination risk), 2024. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/policy/fsis-directives/5000.1; https://www.fsis.usda.gov/science-data/data-sets-visualizations/microbiology/microbiological-testing-program-rte-meat-and-3
26. USDA, "USDA Proposes New Rule to Clarify Unfair Practices in the Livestock, Meat, and Poultry Industries," June 2024. https://www.usda.gov/media/press-releases/2024/06/25/usda-proposes-new-rule-clarify-unfair-practices-livestock-meat-and
27. The Regulatory Review, "Antitrust Enforcement in the Meatpacking Industry" (2026 rule withdrawal and enforcement rollback), 2026. https://www.theregreview.org/2026/02/19/schuette-antitrust-enforcement-in-the-meatpacking-industry/
28. OSHA, "Meatpacking Overview" (noise, machinery, slippery floors, ammonia, chemicals, musculoskeletal hazards), 2024. https://www.osha.gov/meatpacking
29. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "2024 Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses" (NAICS 311612 TRC rate 3.7 per 100 FTW), 2025. https://www.bls.gov/web/osh/table-1-industry-rates-national.htm
30. EPA, "Meat and Poultry Products Effluent Guidelines" (40 CFR Part 432; proposed tighter rules withdrawn August 2025), 2025. https://www.epa.gov/eg/meat-and-poultry-products-effluent-guidelines
31. USDA FSIS, "Boar's Head Provisions Co. Expands Recall..." (~7 million additional lbs, 71 products) and CDC, "Listeria Outbreak, Meats Sliced at Delis" (10 deaths, 59 cases, 19 states; Jarratt, VA plant closed), 2024. https://www.fsis.usda.gov/recalls-alerts/boars-head-provisions-co--expands-recall-ready-eat-meat-and-poultry-products-due; https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/outbreaks/delimeats-7-24/investigation.html