Rice Milling in the United States (NAICS 311212)

An investor's primer — for both public-market and private investors

1. Overview

Rice milling is the industrial step between the paddy field and the dinner plate. Mills buy rough rice (also called paddy — rice still in its inedible husk) from farmers, dry it from roughly 20% harvest moisture to approximately 12.5%–14% for storage, strip the hull to make brown rice, then polish it into the white rice most Americans eat. Parboiling — soaking, steaming, and drying before milling — hardens the kernel, reduces breakage, and retains more nutrients; it is a value-added step that commands better pricing.[2][21] Along the way mills sell a string of byproducts: broken kernels, bran, and hulls. It is a small, capital-intensive, commodity-processing industry that turns a roughly $3-billion farm crop into about $4.6 billion of milled product a year.[2][8]

Why an investor cares: rice milling sits on top of one of the few U.S. field crops that is both a domestic food staple and a major export earner — about 40–45% of the U.S. crop is shipped abroad.[4][22] However, a significant share of exports is rough rice milled abroad: during 2018–23, paddy rice represented roughly two-fifths of U.S. rice exports, volume that supports growers and merchants but bypasses U.S. milling capacity.[21] At the branded end, milling is a defensive, staple-food business; at the bulk/export end it is a lower-margin, cyclical commodity business. It is also unusually structured: some of the largest millers are farmer-owned cooperatives, not investor-owned corporations.

Ways in. There is no U.S.-listed pure-play rice miller. Public investors get exposure mainly through Ebro Foods (Madrid-listed, owner of America's biggest rice brands) or, very thinly, through diversified giant Archer Daniels Midland; Australia-listed Ricegrowers Limited / SunRice offers indirect exposure through its SunFoods operations in California and Hawaii.[23] Commodity traders can use rough rice futures. Private investors reach the industry through farmland, private specialty millers, or (for growers) cooperative membership. Details are in Sections 4 and 10.

2. What it is and how it's structured

NAICS 2022 code 311212 — Rice Milling covers establishments that (1) mill rice, (2) clean and polish rice, and (3) make rice flour or meal, plus related brewers' rice and rice-bran output; a mill may also package the rice it mills with other ingredients.[2][24] It is a manufacturing industry: the machines are hullers, whiteners, polishers, graders, and dryers.

What it excludes (and the adjacent codes where that activity lives):

• Growing the crop — NAICS 111160 Rice Farming. The farm and the mill are separate industries even when the same cooperative does both.
• Rice breakfast cereals (puffed/crisped rice cereal) — NAICS 311230 Breakfast Cereal Manufacturing.
• Wheat and other grain flour milling — NAICS 311211 Flour Milling.
• Ready-to-eat and frozen rice meals — NAICS 311412 Frozen Specialty Food or 311991 Perishable Prepared Food.
• Rice trading and distribution (buying/selling without milling) — wholesale, NAICS 424510 Grain and Field Bean Merchant Wholesalers.

Ownership mix is a defining feature. The industry blends:

• Farmer-owned cooperatives that mill and market their members' rice — Riceland Foods and Producers Rice Mill (both Stuttgart, Arkansas) and Farmers Rice Cooperative (Sacramento, California).[9][25][26]
• Investor-owned / foreign-owned branded companies — Riviana Foods, owned by Spain's Ebro Foods, and ADM Rice, a unit of Archer Daniels Midland.[3][10]
• Privately held branded and specialty millers — Mars (Ben's Original, formerly Uncle Ben's) and organic specialist Lundberg Family Farms.[19]
• A tail of small regional and specialty mills, including on-farm mills serving organic, specialty, and traceable niches.[21]

3. How big it is

Federal statistics (our ground-truth figures):

So this is a tiny-headcount, high-throughput industry: fewer than 90 plants and about 6,400 workers turn out $4.6 billion of product — because milling is automated and continuous.[1][2] (A separate USITC summary of 2022 Census data describes approximately 90 establishments, nearly $4 billion of shipments, and more than 5,500 jobs; the apparent discrepancy reflects firms versus establishments and possibly table vintage, not a genuine conflict.[21])

Undercount caveat. Unlike industries dominated by government or by micro-operators, rice milling is a concentrated factory industry that the Census captures well — cooperatives are counted as manufacturers here. Two things to keep straight, though. First, the $4.6-billion milling figure is not the same as the farm value of the rice crop (roughly $3 billion in recent years, a separate number for NAICS 111160 farms) or the retail value of packaged rice.[8] Second, the headline revenues you see for the big cooperatives blend rice milling with other grain marketing — Riceland's ~$1.3 billion of fiscal-2024 revenue, for example, includes soybeans and other grain, so it is not directly comparable to the $4.6-billion industry line.[9]

For context on the crop that feeds these mills: the U.S. harvested about 2.87 million acres of rice in 2024, with the highest per-acre yields in the world (all U.S. rice is irrigated).[4][7] Production runs around 200–220 million hundredweight (cwt) a year, but the U.S. is still less than 2% of world output and the world's ~5th-largest exporter.[4][5] Roughly three-quarters of the crop is long-grain rice, most of the rest medium-grain.[4]

4. The investable universe

There is no pure-play, U.S.-listed rice miller. The practical options:

For a direct commodity bet, rough rice futures trade on CME Group (ticker ZR), recently around $13–14 per hundredweight; one contract represents 2,000 cwt — a thin, volatile market that reflects upstream paddy prices, not mill processing spreads.[20][29]

A cautionary note on older screens. RiceBran Technologies, a former U.S. microcap sometimes cited as rice-milling exposure, sold its Golden Ridge Arkansas rice mill for $2.15 million in January 2024, projecting the sale would reduce its annual net loss by ~$1.5 million; it no longer provides milling exposure.[30]

Bottom line for public-market investors: Ebro is the only sizeable listed proxy, and it is a foreign-listed, diversified food company with a large pasta business as well; ADM gives you a whisper of rice inside a commodities conglomerate; SunRice offers indirect U.S. exposure through California operations but is primarily an Australian/international business. Everything else of scale is a cooperative or privately held.

5. How the money works

A miller's economics come down to the milling margin — the spread between what it pays for rough rice and what it collects for milled rice plus byproducts — multiplied by how much it can run through fixed-cost plants.

• Milling yield. A commercial mill recovers roughly 63–70% milled rice from paddy.[14][21] The number that really matters is head rice yield — the share of whole, unbroken kernels, which fetch full price. USITC reports typical head recovery of 60–65% in California versus about 55% in the South, reflecting grain type, weather, handling, and mill efficiency.[21] Broken kernels sell for only about 60% of the value of head rice, so a one-percentage-point gain in head-rice yield can be worth millions across a mill's volume.[15]
• Byproduct streams. Nothing is wasted. Bran goes to animal feed and rice-bran oil; hulls are burned for biomass energy or used as bedding; brokens become rice flour, pet food, or brewers' rice for beer; polish is a feed ingredient.[15] Milling flour from brokens can multiply their value several-fold.[15]
• Cost structure. The biggest cost is the paddy itself; after that come energy (drying and milling are energy-hungry), labor, freight/logistics, bags and cartons, maintenance, food-safety compliance, and working capital tied up in seasonal inventory.[15] Because plants, dryers, and storage are expensive fixed assets, capacity utilization is a core margin lever. Upstream farm costs also matter: average U.S. rice-production cost rose 39%, from $976 per acre in 2018 to $1,355 in 2023 — fertilizer, chemicals, energy, repairs, and commercial drying among the major increases — which affects grower acreage and the rough-rice prices mills must pay.[21]
• Branded vs. commodity mix. Selling a bag of Mahatma or a Minute microwave pouch earns far more than shipping bulk milled rice to an exporter. Value-added products — parboiled, instant, flavored, ready-to-heat — are the higher-margin, more stable end of the business; bulk milled and rough rice for export is the low-margin, price-taking end.
• The cooperative twist. Co-ops like Riceland don't maximize a milling profit for outside shareholders; they blend farm proceeds and milling margin and return earnings to farmer-members as patronage — hence Riceland paying out ~$918 million to members in FY2024.[9] That changes how you read their "profitability."
• A public-company benchmark. Ebro's worldwide Rice Division generated €2.33 billion of 2025 turnover and €338 million of adjusted EBITDA, an implied 14.5% EBITDA margin — but that division includes international brands, convenience foods, and operations outside the United States, so it is not a direct proxy for U.S. mill margins.[27]

Net: at the commodity end this is a low-margin, throughput-and-yield business; the money and the durability sit in brands, byproduct optimization, and value-added packaged goods.

6. What drives demand

Domestic (a bit over half the crop, plus imports). U.S. per-capita rice consumption is low by world standards — approximately 15 kilograms a year in 2023/24, versus 65 kilograms globally — but it grows slowly.[21] U.S. rice consumption rose from 4.6 million metric tons in 2018/19 to 4.9 million in 2023/24, an 8% increase.[21] The tailwinds: a changing population that includes more traditionally high-rice-consuming communities, the gluten-free movement (rice is naturally gluten-free), and convenience products such as microwaveable pouches and ready-to-heat bowls.[4] USDA projects record domestic and residual use of about 172 million cwt in 2025/26.[5]

Channel mix. In a USITC survey of 21 firms operating 31 mills in 2021/22, nearly two-thirds of milled shipments were domestic. About 60% of domestic shipments went to direct food use and the remainder to industrial processing; within industrial processing, approximately 45% went into human food, 28% into pet food, and 27% into beverages.[21] Convenience cups, microwave products, seasoned rice, rice flour, gluten-free ingredients, and traceable specialty varieties offer better secular prospects than undifferentiated bags of white rice.

Exports (40–45% of the crop). The U.S. sells milled and rough rice to Mexico (the top market), Japan and other WTO minimum-access buyers, Haiti, Central America, and the Middle East.[4][6] In 2023/24, exports were approximately 3.1 million metric tons, or 44.9% of production.[21] U.S. rice competes on quality and reliability rather than price — it is more expensive to grow than Asian rice. However, a large portion is rough rice milled abroad; during 2018–23, paddy rice represented roughly two-fifths of U.S. rice exports — volume that supports growers and merchants but bypasses U.S. milling capacity.[21]

Imports (now more than one-fifth of U.S. usage). Most imports are aromatic varieties U.S. farmers don't grow. Imports supplied nearly 97% of U.S. aromatic-rice demand during 2018–23, versus 15% for medium- and short-grain rice and less than 10% for non-aromatic white long-grain rice.[21] Thus, rising jasmine and basmati consumption can grow the U.S. packaged-rice market without creating equivalent demand for domestically grown or milled rice — imports largely complement rather than displace domestic rice in the conventional long-grain segment.

7. Regulation

• Food safety — arsenic. Rice naturally takes up inorganic arsenic from soil and water, and it is the sector's signature regulatory exposure. The FDA has set an action level of 100 parts per billion for inorganic arsenic in infant rice cereal, but there is still no enforceable federal limit for most rice products; the agency's "Closer to Zero" program and consumer-group pressure keep the issue live.[16][31] For millers this means testing, sourcing discipline, and reputational risk more than a single hard limit today.
• Food-safety modernization. FDA-registered mills generally fall under FSMA's current-good-manufacturing-practice and risk-based preventive-control rules, including a written hazard analysis and food-safety plan.[32]
• Grades and inspection. USDA sets milled-rice grade standards (U.S. No. 1 through 6) governing milling quality, damaged kernels, foreign material, moisture, and color; export shipments are inspected by USDA's grain-inspection service.[33] FDA food-facility registration and labeling rules apply.
• Workplace safety. OSHA expressly includes rice mills in its grain-handling standard, identifying combustible-dust explosions, bin engulfment, falls, and machinery injuries as major hazards; grain dust and associated elevators also face EPA particulate controls.[34][35]
• Farm policy (upstream, but it shapes supply). Rice growers are supported through Title I commodity programs — mainly Price Loss Coverage (PLC) tied to a statutory reference price, plus Marketing Assistance Loans and crop insurance.[17] Because rice's reference price (about $14/cwt, which farm-bill proposals would raise to roughly $16.90) is high relative to market prices, most rice base acres take PLC.[17] Ad hoc economic and disaster aid (e.g., the 2025 Emergency Commodity Assistance Program) has topped that up in weak-price years.[17] These programs cushion the growers who supply the mills.
• Trade. Tariff-rate quotas and WTO minimum-access commitments (notably Japan's) govern U.S. exports, and 2025 U.S. "reciprocal" tariffs raised the cost of imported Asian rice (e.g., roughly 26% on India, 29% on Pakistan, higher on Vietnam), while inviting retaliation risk for U.S. exporters.[18] Ebro reported that U.S. tariffs on aromatic rice cost its North American business $10 million during 2025.[27]

8. Competitive dynamics and consolidation

The industry is led by a handful of large millers but is not, by the statistical yardstick, tightly concentrated. The top four firms hold 47.2% of receipts, the top eight 66.6%, and the top twenty 91.2%; the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI, a standard concentration score) is 745.4 — below the ~1,000–1,800 range where antitrust regulators start to worry.[2] In plain terms: a few big players dominate, but no single firm is close to a monopoly.

Regional concentration is much higher. USITC reports that two farmer cooperatives mill about 60% of Arkansas's crop, while one California cooperative mills an estimated 20% of that state's crop.[21] At the same time, smaller on-farm mills have been entering to serve organic, specialty, and traceable niches.

Two business models compete side by side: farmer cooperatives (Riceland, Producers, Farmers Rice) that exist to serve members, and branded corporations (Ebro/Riviana, Mars, ADM) that compete on shelf presence and value-added products.[9][10] The consumer moat is brand — Mahatma, Carolina, Minute, Success, Ben's Original — while the bulk/export moat is scale, logistics, and grower relationships.

Consolidation has been steady at the branded end: Ebro Foods rolled up Riviana (2004), American Rice (2011), and specialty players like RiceSelect and InHarvest, building America's largest single-brand long-grain footprint.[10][12] Barriers to entry are real — capital-heavy mills, secure paddy supply, brand-building, and export infrastructure.

9. Risks

• Commodity price cycle and farm income. Milling margins and cooperative returns rise and fall with the rice price cycle; USDA forecasts rice cash receipts falling about 12.5% into 2026 on lower prices and volumes — pressure that flows straight to co-op members and thin bulk-milling margins.[8] Low commodity prices are not automatically bad for a branded processor: they may lower product prices and reported revenue while improving unit margin and working capital. Conversely, a rapid price decline can create losses on high-cost inventory.
• Water, weather, and crop risk. California droughts hit medium-grain supply; Gulf hurricanes threaten southern crops; and low water on the Mississippi River periodically disrupts the barge logistics that move export rice.[4] California drought drove national milled-basis production down to 5.1 million metric tons in 2022/23, the lowest in almost three decades, before it recovered to 6.9 million in 2023/24.[21] A mill cannot fully compensate for a regional crop failure if its storage, grower network, and machinery are tied to a particular grain type.
• Production outlook tightening. USDA's July 2026 forecast cut 2026/27 U.S. production to 153.3 million cwt, a 39-year low, while forecasting record imports of 49.8 million cwt and a $14.90/cwt season-average farm price.[36] For mills, that combination points to scarcer domestic throughput and higher replacement cost, partly offset by imported long-grain supply.
• Input costs. Energy (especially natural gas for drying), labor, freight, and packaging are the swing costs in a low-margin process.[15]
• Trade policy. Tariffs cut both ways — they raise import costs but expose U.S. exporters (40–45% of the crop) to retaliation and lost market access.[18]
• Food-safety / arsenic. Tighter arsenic limits or litigation could raise testing and sourcing costs and dent consumer confidence.[16]
• Substitution. Consumers can substitute wheat, corn, potatoes, or other carbohydrates for rice, while domestic long-grain faces more specific substitution by imported jasmine and basmati. Private-label pressure also limits brand pricing.
• Concentration risk. Dependence on one narrow crop, a handful of growing states, and a few large customers.
• Health/diet crosswinds. Low-carb trends are a mild headwind; gluten-free and convenience demand are tailwinds.[4]
• Sustainability pressure. Rice is water- and methane-intensive, drawing ESG and regulatory scrutiny over time.

10. How to invest and the outlook

Public-market routes.

• Ebro Foods (BME: EBRO) — the closest large, listed proxy: it owns America's leading rice brands and is roughly half rice by sales, and it has a long track record as a dividend payer. Caveats: it's Madrid-listed and also a major pasta company, so you're buying diversified European food, not a U.S. rice pure-play.[10][11][12][27]
• Ricegrowers Limited / SunRice (ASX: SGLLV) — Australia-listed; offers indirect U.S. exposure through SunFoods operations in California and Hawaii, but the majority of the business is international branded rice.[23]
• Archer Daniels Midland (NYSE: ADM) — diversified-agribusiness exposure in which rice is immaterial; own it for the grain-trading complex, not for rice.[3]
• Rough rice futures (CME: ZR) — a direct, volatile bet on the commodity price, for traders rather than long-term investors; reflects upstream paddy prices, not mill processing spreads or brand economics.[20][29]

Private routes.

• Farmland / rice-land in Arkansas, California, the Delta, or the Gulf — the asset under the whole chain.
• Private specialty millers (organic, aromatic, value-added) via direct or private-equity investment. Core diligence issues: committed grower supply, water basin and grain-type exposure, storage and drying capacity, head-rice recovery, customer concentration, food-safety record, dust-control capital expenditure, inventory financing, and access to rail, barge, or port logistics.
• Cooperative membership — open to growers who deliver rice, not a tradeable equity; it captures milling and marketing margin as patronage.[9] The largest cooperatives are not conventional acquisition targets: their grower ownership and purpose are part of the supply model.

Outlook (forward-looking judgments, not reported facts). This is a mature, low-growth staple industry, not a growth story. Domestic demand should keep grinding higher on demographics, gluten-free positioning, and convenience products, but slowly. Near-term, the swing factors are the price cycle (currently weak, squeezing grower and cooperative economics into 2026), a tightening supply picture (2026/27 production forecast at a 39-year low), and trade policy, where tariffs are a genuine two-edged sword for an industry that exports nearly half its crop.[5][8][18][36] Expect continued consolidation and brand investment at the consumer end, and margin upside from value-added and byproduct optimization (rice-bran oil, ready-to-heat pouches) rather than from volume growth. For most public investors the sector is best treated as a small, defensive slice reached through a diversified food company; the concentrated, direct plays live in the private and cooperative world.

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Sources

1. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023 (NAICS 311212) — establishments, employment, annual payroll. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html
2. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census — Concentration Ratios / Statistics of U.S. Businesses (NAICS 311212) — receipts, firm count, CR4/CR8/CR20/CR50, HHI. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html
3. U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small Business Size Standards (2023); Archer Daniels Midland Company overview. https://www.sba.gov/document/support-table-size-standards
4. USDA Economic Research Service, Rice Sector at a Glance (2024/25) — production, grain-type split, leading states, share exported, yields. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/rice-sector-at-a-glance
5. USDA Economic Research Service, Rice Outlook (December 2025) — 2025/26 production, domestic use, exports, imports. https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/outlooks/113584/RCS-25K.pdf
6. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service, U.S. Rice Exports in 2024 — top export markets. https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/commodities/rice
7. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Crop Production 2024 Summary (2025) — harvested acreage and yield. https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/files/k3569432s/nk324887m/qn59s0097/cropan25.pdf
8. USDA Economic Research Service, Farm Sector Income Forecast (2025/26) — rice cash-receipts level and projected decline. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/farm-economy/farm-sector-income-finances/farm-sector-income-forecast
9. Talk Business & Politics, "Riceland Foods reports $1.3 billion in revenues" (2024); Riceland Foods company profile. https://talkbusiness.net/2024/11/riceland-foods-reports-1-3-billion-in-revenues/
10. Ebro Foods, S.A., 2024 Consolidated Management Report / 2024 Results — rice-division sales. https://www.ebrofoods.es/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Consolidated-Management-Report-2024-of-Ebro-Foods-S.A.pdf
11. StockAnalysis, Ebro Foods (BME: EBRO) Market Cap (2026). https://stockanalysis.com/quote/bme/EBRO/market-cap/
12. Riviana Foods, "About Us — America's largest rice distributor," and Ebro Foods acquisition history. https://riviana.com/about-us/
13. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (EDGAR), American Rice Inc., Form 10-K FY1996 — domestic milling-capacity shares and competitor list. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/0000824206/000082420696000015/0000824206-96-000015.txt
14. University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension, Factors Affecting Rice Milling Quality (FSA-2164) — milling and head-rice yield. https://www.uaex.uada.edu/publications/PDF/FSA-2164.pdf
15. World Grain / Tridge, Broken Rice Supply Chain and Rice-Mill Economics — broken-vs-head-rice value, byproduct streams, cost blocks. https://blog.tridge.com/blog-posts/broken-rice-supply-chain-map-for-procurement-physical-flow-spec-controls-and-landed-cost-drivers
16. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Arsenic in Rice and Rice Products and Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants (100 ppb). https://www.fda.gov/food/environmental-contaminants-food/arsenic-food
17. farmdoc daily / U.S. House Committee on Agriculture, Statutory Reference Prices and the Next Farm Bill (2024) — rice reference price and PLC. https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2024/05/statutory-reference-prices-and-the-next-farm-bill.html
18. World Grain, "Tariffs could reshape rice market, prices" (2025) — import share of U.S. usage, aromatic-import mix, 2025 tariff rates. https://www.world-grain.com/articles/21233-tariffs-could-reshape-rice-market-prices
19. Wikipedia, Ben's Original (Mars, Inc.) and Lundberg Family Farms — private branded/specialty owners. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%27s_Original
20. CME Group, Rough Rice Futures (ZR) — contract specifications and recent price. https://www.cmegroup.com/markets/agriculture/grains/rough-rice.html
21. U.S. International Trade Commission, Rice: Global Competitiveness and Impacts on Trade and the U.S. Industry (Publication 5600, 2025) — milling yields, head-rice recovery by region, production costs, export composition, import penetration by variety, channel mix, California drought impact, regional concentration. https://www.usitc.gov/sites/default/files/publications/332/pub5600.pdf
22. USDA Economic Research Service, Rice Trade — share of crop exported. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/trade
23. Ricegrowers Limited / SunRice, FY2026 Investor Presentation — SunFoods U.S. operations. https://investors.sunrice.com.au/announcements/7600091
24. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 NAICS Definition: 311212 Rice Milling. https://www.census.gov/naics/?details=3112&input=3112&year=2022
25. Riceland Foods, "About Riceland" — membership, tonnage processed. https://www.riceland.com/about-riceland
26. Producers Rice Mill, "About" and "History" — membership, acreage, milling capacity, sales. https://producersrice.com/about/
27. Ebro Foods, 2025 Results Press Release — Rice Division turnover, EBITDA, tariff impact. https://www.ebrofoods.es/en/news/ebro-closes-2025-with-a-new-historical-ebitda-and-confirms-its-financial-strength/
28. Farmers' Rice Cooperative, "About Us" — membership, share of California crop. https://www.farmersrice.com/about-us/
29. CME Group, Grain and Oilseed Futures and Options Fact Card — rough rice contract size. https://www.cmegroup.com/trading/agricultural/files/grain-and-oilseed-futures-options-fact-card.pdf
30. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, RiceBran Technologies Form 8-K (January 2024) — sale of Golden Ridge Arkansas rice mill. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1063537/000143774924002703/ex_620923.htm
31. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Action Level for Inorganic Arsenic in Rice Cereals for Infants (Guidance Document). https://www.fda.gov/media/97234/download
32. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FSMA Final Rule for Preventive Controls for Human Food. https://www.fda.gov/food/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma/fsma-final-rule-preventive-controls-human-food
33. USDA Agricultural Marketing Service, United States Standards for Milled Rice. https://www.ams.usda.gov/grades-standards/milled-rice
34. OSHA, Grain Handling — safety standards applicable to rice mills. https://www.osha.gov/grain-handling
35. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Grain Elevators New Source Performance Standards (NSPS). https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/grain-elevators-new-source-performance-standards-nsps
36. USDA Economic Research Service, Rice Market Outlook (July 2026) — 2026/27 production forecast, imports, farm price. https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/market-outlook