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Industry Primers

Bottom-up NAICS industry primers written for both public-market and private investors. Leaf industries are researched from the ground up; every group, subsector, and sector above them reads as a contrast across the industries beneath it.

2122 industries · 24 sectors · NAICS 2022

Researched with AI assistance from official U.S. statistics and independent sources, with citations on every page. Figures are not individually verified against pinned evidence — primers marked Evidence-verified are. Industry research, not investment advice. Methodology.

National industryNAICS 314110

Carpet and Rug Mills (U.S.) — NAICS 314110

An investor's primer. Plain language. Reported facts are stated as such; forward-looking judgments are worded as expectations, not certainties.

1. Overview

Carpet and rug mills take petrochemical-based (and some natural) fibers and turn them into soft floor covering — wall-to-wall broadloom carpet, modular carpet tile, and area rugs — for homes, offices, hotels, schools, and hospitals. It is a capital-intensive, cyclical U.S. manufacturing business clustered almost entirely around one town (Dalton, Georgia), dominated by a handful of very large producers, and living through a decades-long structural shift as buyers trade carpet for hard-surface flooring (luxury vinyl, laminate, wood, tile).[1][2]

Why an investor cares. This is a real-economy industry tied directly to housing turnover, remodeling, and commercial construction. Owners make money the way commodity-adjacent manufacturers do: run big machines at high utilization, buy fiber and energy well, and manage the spread between selling price and input cost. It is not a growth story — U.S. carpet volume has fallen for years — so the investment case is about cycle timing, cost discipline, market-share, and premiumization, not secular expansion.[1][3]

Public vs. private ways in. Most of the industry is privately held. The largest producer (Shaw) is a wholly owned Berkshire Hathaway subsidiary; the #3 (Engineered Floors) is family-owned.[4][5] The public options are indirect or niche: Mohawk Industries (NYSE: MHK), a diversified global flooring company for which carpet is one product line; Interface (NASDAQ: TILE), a commercial carpet-tile specialist; and The Dixie Group (DXYN), a residential micro-cap. Private-market routes (direct mill ownership, rug importing, and private-equity flooring roll-ups) are covered in Section 10.

2. What it is and how it's structured

Scope. NAICS (North American Industry Classification System) code 314110 — Carpet and Rug Mills covers U.S. establishments that manufacture woven, tufted, and needlepunch carpets and rugs, floor mattings, and art squares from textile fibers or from materials like jute, sisal, coir, and rags. The overwhelmingly dominant production method is tufting — stitching yarn into a backing at high speed — which displaced weaving decades ago and made low-cost mass carpet possible; tufted products account for more than 90% of carpet-and-rug output, woven products less than 2%, and other methods about 7%.[6][7]

What it excludes (adjacent codes an investor should not double-count):

  • Synthetic fiber and yarn production upstream — nylon, polyester, and polypropylene fiber (NAICS 325220) and yarn spinning (NAICS 313110). Some carpet makers do this in-house; as a statistical category it sits elsewhere.
  • Hard-surface flooring — vinyl/resilient, laminate, engineered wood, and ceramic tile fall under entirely different manufacturing codes. This is the competing category, not part of 314110.
  • Retail floor-covering stores (NAICS 449121) and carpet installation by flooring contractors (NAICS 238330).
  • Carpet and upholstery cleaning services (NAICS 561740).
  • Cutting and binding only — a business that merely cuts and binds purchased carpet belongs in NAICS 314999, not 314110.[8]

Ownership mix. The federal count is 184 firms operating 237 establishments nationally.[9][10] A very small number of large, mostly private companies produce most of the output; below them sits a long tail of small and mid-size mills and specialty rug makers. Only two small pure-play carpet producers trade on U.S. exchanges, plus one diversified public giant — so public-market exposure is the exception, not the rule.

3. How big it is

Per our federal ground-truth figures:

Metric Value Source (year)
Value of shipments (receipts) ~$9.34 billion 2022 Economic Census [9]
Firms 184 2022 Economic Census [9]
Establishments (plants) 237 County Business Patterns 2023 [10]
Employment ~25,931 County Business Patterns 2023 [10]
Annual payroll ~$1.37 billion County Business Patterns 2023 [10]
Implied average pay ~$53,000 derived from [10]
SBA small-business size standard 1,500 employees SBA size standards 2023 [11]

Two context notes matter for reading these numbers honestly:

This is a small, highly automated workforce that has shrunk. ~26,000 workers producing ~$9 billion of shipments reflects heavy automation and steady consolidation. For scale, the broader Dalton-area floor-covering cluster (which includes fiber, hard-surface, and distribution jobs beyond code 314110) employed a peak of about 80,200 in 2006 before the housing crash; it still employs 30,000-plus regionally today.[12]

The federal shipments figure does not capture everything Americans buy — but it undercounts on the import side, not the small-operator side. Unlike industries dominated by tiny or informal firms, carpet mills are large and well-measured. The gap is that imported rugs — a large share of U.S. area-rug consumption, led by China, India, and Turkey — are not U.S. mill shipments and so sit outside this number.[13] Separately, private trade sources track U.S. carpet (excluding rugs) at roughly $7.15 billion in wholesale/mill sales in 2024, down ~4% on the year, on volume of ~7.5 billion square feet;[1] broader retail market estimates that add rugs, margins, and installation run higher — Mohawk reports U.S. carpet-and-rug sales of approximately $11.2 billion in 2024 within a $33.2 billion U.S. floor-covering market.[14] These are different measuring points (mill shipments vs. downstream market), not contradictions — anchor on the Census shipments figure for the mills themselves.

4. The investable universe

There are very few ways to own carpet manufacturing directly through public markets. The table separates the public names (where carpet is often only part of the business) from the large private owners.

Public companies

Company Ticker ~Scale Carpet relevance
Mohawk Industries NYSE: MHK ~$10.8B total net sales (2024) [15] World's largest flooring company; carpet is inside its Flooring North America segment (~35% of sales), alongside laminate, LVT, wood. A diversified flooring play, not pure carpet. [15]
Interface NASDAQ: TILE ~$1.39B revenue (2025) [16] Commercial carpet tile leader plus resilient flooring; the purest listed carpet-centric play, skewed to offices/institutions. Standard tiles are 50×50 cm; most modular-carpet sales are made to order. [16]
The Dixie Group DXYN (OTCQB) ~$257M revenue (2025) [17] Residential floorcovering (carpet and rugs); micro-cap, thinly traded; 2025 filing contains a going-concern warning — speculative/distressed. [17]

Major private and other owners

Company Ownership ~Scale Notes
Shaw Industries Wholly owned by Berkshire Hathaway (NYSE: BRK.A/BRK.B) since 2001 Est. ~$6B revenue (not separately disclosed) [4] The largest U.S. carpet maker; Dalton, GA. Brands include Shaw Floors, Anderson Tuftex, COREtec (vinyl). Shaw processes approximately 92% of its carpet-yarn requirements internally.[18] Berkshire gives indirect, immaterial exposure. [4][18]
Engineered Floors Private, family-owned (founded by Shaw-industry veteran Bob Shaw) ~$1.5B+ carpet sales; #3 U.S. producer [5] Grew fast; absorbed the assets of failed Beaulieu of America in 2017. Describes an integrated "four walls" production model. [5][19]
Oriental Weavers Public in Egypt; U.S. manufacturing + imports World's largest machine-woven rug maker Dominant force in the U.S. area-rug aisle. [13]
Milliken, Tarkett, Mannington, J+J, Beaulieu Intl. Private / foreign-parent Mid-to-large Commercial carpet tile and specialty producers. Mannington is a fifth-generation, privately held flooring company.[20]

Bottom line for stock pickers: if you want a listed carpet business, Interface (TILE) is the closest to a pure play (commercial), Mohawk (MHK) is the large-cap way to play flooring broadly, and Dixie (DXYN) is a speculative micro-cap. The market leaders you'd most want to own are not independently listed.

5. How the money works

Carpet mills are spread-and-utilization businesses — the right lens is manufacturing economics (capacity utilization, input costs, cyclicality), not store-level retail metrics.

  • The core spread. Owners earn on the gap between the selling price of finished carpet and the cost of its inputs — chiefly synthetic fiber/yarn (nylon, polyester/PET, polypropylene/olefin, triexta) plus backing, dye, latex, and energy. Because those synthetics are petrochemical derivatives, input cost tracks oil and natural-gas prices; when feedstock spikes and the mill can't pass it through, gross margin compresses fast.[21][14] Gross margins are thin and volume-driven.
  • Operating leverage cuts both ways. Tufting lines, fiber extrusion, and dyeing are high fixed-cost assets. High capacity utilization spreads that fixed cost and drops profit to the bottom line; a demand downturn strands capacity and can turn margins negative — this is a fundamentally cyclical industry. For illustration, Mohawk's Flooring North America segment (a mix of carpet, laminate, LVT, and wood) reported an operating margin of approximately 3.1% in 2025 versus 6.3% in 2024, with the decline attributed to lower volume and weaker fixed-cost leverage.[14]
  • Vertical integration is the margin lever. The leaders (Shaw, Mohawk, Engineered Floors) extrude their own fiber ("bulk continuous filament," BCF, yarn) and often make their own backing, capturing upstream margin and controlling color/quality. Shaw, for example, processes about 92% of its carpet-yarn requirements internally.[18] Mills that buy fiber on the spot market are more exposed to feedstock swings.[21]
  • Channel mix. Revenue flows through (a) home-center retail (Home Depot, Lowe's), (b) independent specialty flooring stores, (c) the homebuilder channel (new construction), and (d) commercial contract sales, where products are "specified" by architects and designers for offices, hotels, schools, and hospitals. Commercial and residential move on different cycles.
  • Where extra margin comes from. Mix shift toward higher-end residential carpet, carpet tile (the growing commercial format), and solution-dyed / premium / PVC-free lines lifts average selling price and margin above commodity broadloom. Interface reported a 38.7% gross margin and 11.8% operating margin in 2025, attributing improvement to price, mix, production efficiencies, and fixed-cost absorption.[16][1][2]
  • Freight matters. Carpet is bulky and heavy relative to its value, which is a big reason production concentrated near Dalton and why transport cost shapes competitiveness.[12]

6. What drives demand

  • Housing turnover and remodeling (the biggest driver). Carpet is largely a replacement product. When existing-home sales stall — as they did in 2024–25 under high mortgage rates — buyers defer the re-carpet-before-you-sell and post-move remodel, and volume falls.[1][14] A recovery in home sales and renovation activity is the single biggest near-term swing factor.
  • New residential construction. Builders are a meaningful bulk channel; housing starts feed mill volume directly.
  • Commercial construction and renovation. Offices, hospitality, healthcare, education, and corporate interiors drive contract carpet — especially carpet tile, favored in renovations for easy, low-disruption replacement. In 2024–25 the commercial side outperformed residential; Interface reported its strongest 2025 growth in healthcare, education, public buildings, and transportation.[2][16]
  • The secular headwind: substitution to hard surface. For roughly three decades buyers have shifted from carpet to luxury vinyl tile (LVT), laminate, wood, and tile — marketed as cleaner, more durable, and more allergy-friendly. Carpet's share of the U.S. flooring market (by area) has fallen substantially over the past decade; estimates range from about 39% to 44% in 2024 depending on source and methodology, with resilient flooring now at or slightly above carpet's share.[2][14][22] Berkshire's 2025 shareholder report states directly that consumers have moved away from soft-surface flooring and that Shaw has had to expand in hard surfaces.[23] Industry executives argue the loss is slowing toward an equilibrium.
  • Wealth and taste at the top. The high-end/luxury segment has been a bright spot, with affluent households continuing to spend on premium carpet and rugs through the downturn.[1]

7. Regulation

Carpet manufacturing is not a licensed or rate-regulated industry, but it carries a growing stack of environmental and product-stewardship obligations that add cost, concentrated in California:

  • Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) recycling. California's carpet stewardship law (AB 2398, amended by AB 1158 and AB 729) requires every manufacturer selling carpet into the state to fund recycling through the industry nonprofit CARE (Carpet America Recovery Effort), via a per-square-yard assessment collected at sale. Assessments have risen steeply — up to ~36% higher effective January 1, 2024, with further differential increases in 2025 (lower rates apply to carpet with more recycled content).[24][25] California has set recycling-rate goals rising from 31% in 2023 to 45% in 2027; CalRecycle found CARE's 2024 annual report noncompliant in March 2026, illustrating both the regulatory pressure and the practical difficulty of meeting circularity targets.[26][27] Other states are watching this model.
  • PFAS ("forever chemical") stain treatments. California has moved to restrict per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) used for stain resistance, flagging carpets and rugs as a leading source of exposure.[28] EPA's Textile Mills Effluent Guidelines under 40 CFR Part 410 regulate carpet-finishing wastewater for pollutants including biochemical and chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, oil and grease, sulfide, phenols, chromium, and pH; EPA has determined that PFAS have been used by carpet manufacturers and may remain in mill wastewater even after active use stops, and is conducting a detailed study that could support revised requirements.[29] Shaw and Mohawk reportedly stopped using PFAS in U.S. carpet production in 2019 but continue to face disputes concerning historical wastewater releases.[30]
  • Indoor air quality / VOCs. The Carpet and Rug Institute's voluntary Green Label Plus certification sets low volatile-organic-compound (VOC) emission limits that most U.S. carpet is tested against; California's CARB formaldehyde limits touch composite-wood backing components.[28]
  • Trade policy. Tariffs and trade measures on imported rugs and on petrochemical inputs can move both competitive pressure (imported area rugs) and cost (fiber feedstock) — a genuine, if intermittent, regulatory variable.

8. Competitive dynamics and consolidation

  • Concentrated at the top, but not a monopoly. The four largest firms account for 56.7% of shipments (CR4), the top eight for 70.4% (CR8), the top 20 for 87.8%, and the top 50 for 96.9%; the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is ~1,111, which federal antitrust agencies classify as only moderately concentrated — several large players compete rather than one dominating.[9] Effectively a Big Three-to-Four — Shaw, Mohawk, Engineered Floors, plus Interface in commercial — sits atop a fragmented tail.
  • Geographic concentration is extreme. More than 85% of U.S. carpet is made within about 65 miles of Dalton, Georgia, the self-styled "Carpet Capital of the World." That clustering yields supplier, labor, and freight advantages — and concentrates the industry's exposure to regional labor, energy, and disruption risk.[12]
  • Consolidation has been brutal and continues. Weaker players have been absorbed or wiped out as volume shrank: Beaulieu of America, once the #3 U.S. maker, went bankrupt in 2017 and its assets went to Engineered Floors.[31] Scale, in-house fiber, and cost position now decide survival.
  • Downstream roll-ups. Private equity is actively consolidating flooring distribution and installation (e.g., Diverzify, Interior Logic Group) — an adjacent way capital is entering the flooring value chain even as manufacturing consolidates.

9. Risks

  • Structural substitution. The multi-decade shift to hard-surface flooring is the defining risk; even a stabilizing carpet share means a mature-to-declining volume base, not growth.[2][22]
  • Housing/rate cyclicality. Demand is tightly geared to existing-home sales, mortgage rates, and construction — a rate-driven housing freeze directly cuts mill volume.[1]
  • Input-cost and energy volatility. Petrochemical fiber and natural gas costs can spike faster than mills can reprice, squeezing thin margins.[21]
  • Import competition in rugs. Machine-made and hand-made area rugs from China, India, and Turkey pressure the U.S. rug segment on price.[13]
  • Regulatory/ESG cost creep. Rising EPR recycling assessments, PFAS restrictions, VOC/emissions rules, and potential effluent-guideline revisions raise compliance and reformulation costs, led by California.[24][28][29]
  • PFAS legacy exposure. Historical PFAS use creates litigation, remediation, and reputational risk beyond ordinary permit compliance, even for producers that have stopped active use.[30]
  • Overcapacity and geographic concentration. High fixed costs invite price competition in downturns, and near-total reliance on the Dalton region concentrates operational risk.
  • Workplace safety. BLS reported a 2024 total recordable injury-and-illness incidence rate of 1.5 cases per 100 full-time workers for carpet and rug mills.[32]
  • Public-market thinness. For equity investors, the pure-play options are one micro-cap (with a going-concern warning) and one mid-cap; the best assets are private, so public exposure is limited and often diluted by other flooring products.

10. How to invest and the outlook

Public-market routes.

  • Mohawk (MHK) — the large-cap, liquid way to play the U.S./global flooring cycle. Understand that you are buying a diversified flooring company (ceramic, laminate, LVT, wood, and carpet), not pure carpet; carpet's fortunes are one input to the thesis.[15]
  • Interface (TILE) — the closest listed pure-ish play, concentrated in commercial carpet tile and resilient flooring; a bet on office/institutional/hospitality demand and design-led premiumization.[16]
  • The Dixie Group (DXYN) — a speculative micro-cap on residential carpet and rugs; trades on OTCQB, tiny float, and 2025 auditor expressed substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern — a distressed/turnaround wager, not a core holding.[17]
  • Berkshire Hathaway (BRK.A/BRK.B) technically owns the industry leader (Shaw), but Shaw is immaterial to Berkshire and not separately disclosed — not a meaningful carpet play.[4][18]

Private-market routes.

  • Direct ownership of a regional mill, specialty/luxury carpet maker, or area-rug importer/distributor — the dominant way real money is made here, given how much of the industry is private.
  • Flooring distribution/installation roll-ups backed by private equity (a fast-consolidating, service-side adjacency).
  • Supplier and machinery plays — BCF fiber, backing, dyes, and tufting equipment — leveraged to the same cycle with different economics.

Near-term drivers to watch (forward-looking). The swing factors are (1) mortgage rates and existing-home-sales recovery, which would unlock deferred residential replacement volume; (2) commercial capex in hospitality, healthcare, and education, where carpet tile has been outperforming; (3) fiber and energy costs, which set the margin ceiling; and (4) premiumization — luxury, solution-dyed, and PVC-/PFAS-free lines — as the industry's strategy to defend margin against hard-surface substitution. The reasonable base case is a mature, consolidating, cyclical industry stabilizing near a lower volume plateau rather than returning to growth: returns will come from cost position, mix, and cycle timing, not from a rising tide.[1][2]

Sources

  1. Floor Covering News, "Carpet stats: High rates put damper on soft surfaces' comeback," 2025. https://www.fcnews.net/2025/07/carpet-high-rates-put-damper-on-soft-surfaces-comeback/
  2. Floor Covering News, "Carpet: State of the Industry 2025," 2025. https://www.fcnews.net/2025/10/carpet-state-of-the-industry-2025/
  3. Grand View Research, "U.S. Carpet & Rug Market Size, Share | Industry Report, 2030," 2024. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/us-carpet-rug-market-report
  4. New Georgia Encyclopedia, "Shaw Industries," 2023 (Berkshire Hathaway ownership; brands). https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/shaw-industries/
  5. CT Acquisitions, "Flooring PE Roll-Up Tracker 2026" (Engineered Floors #3, ~$1.5B), 2026. https://ctacquisitions.com/guides/flooring-pe-rollup-tracker-2026/
  6. U.S. Census Bureau, "NAICS 314110 Carpet and Rug Mills" definition (2022 NAICS Manual). https://www.census.gov/naics/
  7. Carpet and Rug Institute, "History of Carpet" (tufted >90%, woven <2%, other methods ~7%; year not specified). https://carpet-rug.org/about-us/history-of-carpet/
  8. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census classification form MC-31410 (cutting/binding only excluded from 314110). https://bhs.econ.census.gov/ombpdfs2022/export/2022_MC-31410_su.pdf
  9. U.S. Census Bureau, 2022 Economic Census — Concentration Ratios / Selected Statistics, NAICS 314110 (firms 184; value of shipments ~$9.34B; CR4 56.7%, CR8 70.4%, CR20 87.8%, CR50 96.9%; HHI 1,110.9). https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html
  10. U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns 2023, NAICS 314110 (establishments 237; employment 25,931; annual payroll ~$1.366B). https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/cbp.html
  11. U.S. Small Business Administration, Table of Small Business Size Standards, 2023 (NAICS 314110 = 1,500 employees). https://www.sba.gov/document/support-table-size-standards
  12. New Georgia Encyclopedia, "Carpet Industry" (Dalton, GA; ~85% within 65 miles; regional employment). https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/carpet-industry/
  13. Tendata, "Which Countries Are Major Importers and Exporters of Rugs?" (China lead exporter, U.S. largest importer), 2024. https://www.tendata.com/blogs/export/5491.html
  14. Mohawk Industries, Form 10-K for FY2025 (U.S. carpet-and-rug market ~$11.2B within $33.2B flooring market; Flooring NA segment margins; input costs; housing commentary), SEC, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/851968/000085196826000011/mhk-20251231.htm
  15. Mohawk Industries, Form 10-K for FY2024 (net sales ~$10.8B; three segments; Flooring NA ~35%), SEC, 2025. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/851968/000085196825000023/mhk-20241231.htm
  16. Interface, Inc., Form 10-K for FY2025 (revenue $1.39B; 38.7% gross margin; 11.8% operating margin; tile specifications; commercial growth areas), SEC, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/715787/000071578726000006/tile-20251228.htm
  17. The Dixie Group, Form 10-K for FY2025 (revenue ~$257M; going-concern warning; trades on OTCQB), SEC, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/29332/000002933226000018/dxyn-20251227.htm
  18. Berkshire Hathaway, Form 10-K for FY2025 (Shaw processes ~92% of carpet-yarn internally; soft-surface consumer shift), SEC, 2026. https://www.sec.gov/ixviewer/ix.html?doc=%2FArchives%2Fedgar%2Fdata%2F1067983%2F000119312526083899%2Fbrka-20251231.htm
  19. Engineered Floors, "About" (integrated "four walls" production model). https://www.engineeredfloors.com/about/
  20. Mannington, Corporate Profile (fifth-generation, privately held flooring company). https://www.mannington.com/corporate/about
  21. Floor Daily, "Fiber Industry Update: PET product branding and raw material costs" (synthetic fiber cost tied to oil/feedstock). https://www.floordaily.net/floorfocus/fiber-industry-update-pet-product-branding-and-ra
  22. Floor Daily, "Residential Carpet's Resurgence: carpet's market share has stabilized," February 2025. https://www.floordaily.net/floorfocus/residential-carpets-resurgence-carpets-marketshare-has-stabilized-and-soft-surface-could-f
  23. Berkshire Hathaway, 2025 Annual Report (shareholder letter; consumer shift from soft-surface flooring; Shaw expansion into hard surfaces). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1067983/000119312526106284/d948018dars.pdf
  24. Floor Covering News, "California carpet recycling hike takes effect via CARE" (up to 36% increase Jan. 1, 2024), 2024. https://www.fcnews.net/2024/01/california-carpet-recycling-hike-takes-effect-via-care/
  25. CalRecycle, "Carpet Stewardship Plans" (AB 2398 / AB 1158 / AB 729; CARE program). https://calrecycle.ca.gov/carpet/plans/
  26. CalRecycle, "Carpet Program Goals" (recycling-rate targets 31%–45%). https://calrecycle.ca.gov/carpet/goals/
  27. CalRecycle, "Carpet Annual Report Results" (CARE 2024 report found noncompliant March 2026). https://calrecycle.ca.gov/carpet/results/
  28. Environmental Working Group, "In a First, California Moves to Protect People from Toxic PFAS Chemicals in Carpets." https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/first-california-moves-protect-people-toxic-pfas-chemicals-carpets
  29. U.S. EPA, "Textile Mills Effluent Guidelines" (40 CFR Part 410; carpet-finishing wastewater; PFAS study underway). https://www.epa.gov/eg/textile-mills-effluent-guidelines
  30. Associated Press, "Forever chemicals taint water near carpet mills in Georgia" (Shaw/Mohawk stopped PFAS 2019; ongoing disputes), 2024. https://apnews.com/article/944a8878af446ec3171e1b3b836d506d
  31. Chattanooga Times Free Press, "One of America's biggest carpet makers files for bankruptcy" (Beaulieu, 2017; assets to Engineered Floors), 2017. https://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2017/jul/17/carpet-manufacturer-beaulieu-files-bankruptcy/
  32. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Industry Injury and Illness Data 2024" (NAICS 314110 incidence rate 1.5 per 100 FTE). https://www.bls.gov/web/osh/table-1-industry-rates-national.htm