International Affairs (NAICS 928120): An Investor's Primer
1. Overview
NAICS 928120 — "International Affairs" — is not a business sector in the ordinary sense. In the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), the standard used to categorize the economy, this is a public-administration code. It captures the offices and staff that conduct relations between nations: U.S. government bodies such as the Department of State, foreign governments' embassies and consulates on U.S. soil, and the international organizations headquartered here — the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and others.[1] The official definition is blunt: establishments of U.S. and foreign governments primarily engaged in international affairs and programs relating to other nations and peoples.[1]
Why should an investor care about a code with almost no companies in it? Because it sits at the head of a large private ecosystem that lives or dies by its budget. The diplomacy and foreign-aid programs administered under this code are delivered on the ground by for-profit contractors, non-profits, and consulting firms — the "implementing partners." When the U.S. government's international-affairs budget moves, their revenue moves with it. The 2025 shutdown of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) is the clearest recent lesson in how fast that money can appear or vanish (Sections 5, 9).[10][11]
- Public-market way in: you cannot buy "international affairs." You buy the contractors and services firms exposed to it — engineering-and-development houses like Tetra Tech and diversified government-services firms like Leidos, SAIC, and Booz Allen Hamilton (Section 4).
- Private-market way in: the deepest, most concentrated exposure sits in privately held implementing partners (Chemonics, DAI Global, Abt Global, Deloitte's federal practice) and non-profits — most are employee-owned, sponsor-backed, or non-corporate, so the exposure comes through employment, contracts, and lending rather than public equity (Sections 4, 10).
A key distinction runs through this whole primer: a company that serves foreign-affairs agencies is not itself classified in NAICS 928120. The code is the government activity; the investable firms live in adjacent codes (consulting, engineering, information technology, logistics).
2. What it is, and how it's structured
The code sits within the public-administration hierarchy:
92 Public Administration → 928 National Security and International Affairs → 9281 → 92812 → 928120
It covers three distinct kinds of "establishments," none of which is an ordinary private business:[1]
- U.S. federal government offices that conduct foreign relations and foreign-assistance programs: the Department of State, the Peace Corps, the U.S. Agency for Global Media, the International Boundary and Water Commission, and — until 2025 — USAID. Census index entries include diplomatic services and passport issuance.
- Foreign governments' missions in the United States: embassies, consulates, and other diplomatic and immigration/passport services operated by other countries on U.S. territory.
- International organizations headquartered here: the World Bank, the IMF, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Organization of American States in Washington; the United Nations and UNICEF in New York.
What it explicitly excludes (and where those activities live):[1]
- National security and the armed forces → NAICS 928110, and the other defense codes — not here.
- Government administration of international trade (trade commissions, export/economic-program administration) → NAICS 926110 (Administration of General Economic Programs).
- Private trade associations and international councils → NAICS 813910 (Business Associations).
Ownership mix: overwhelmingly governmental and non-profit. There is close to zero for-profit ownership inside the code. The for-profit money is one layer out, in the contractors the code's agencies hire — which produces a fragmented supply chain rather than a conventional commercial industry.
3. How big it is
Our federal business statistics are effectively blank here — and that is the single most important fact about the industry's "size." Histometrics has no ingested U.S. Census Bureau or Small Business Administration (SBA) metrics for NAICS 928120. This is not merely a data gap; it reflects how the industry is counted. The Census Bureau's core business programs — the Economic Census, County Business Patterns (CBP), and the Statistics of U.S. Businesses (SUSB) — exclude Public Administration and government establishments by design.[3] An industry made almost entirely of governments and international bodies is therefore nearly invisible in private-business statistics. One commercial aggregator lists roughly 740 U.S. business locations under the code,[2] but that captures only a sliver of private and quasi-private offices, not the governmental core.
To size it honestly you have to measure the money and the people, not "establishments." All of the figures below are proxies, not NAICS 928120 revenue or profit — no such figure exists.
The money (appropriations lens). International affairs is federal budget "Function 150," which historically runs at roughly 1% of the total federal budget.[4] The State–Foreign Operations (SFOPS) appropriation — the main funding line for U.S. diplomacy and foreign aid — was about $62.7 billion in fiscal year (FY) 2024.[5] For FY2026 the administration requested cutting it to $31.2 billion, with rescission proposals (clawbacks of already-appropriated money) that would have pushed the effective figure below about $10 billion; Congress ultimately enacted roughly $50 billion.[5][6]
The money (spending-execution lens). Broader U.S. foreign-assistance obligations — spanning multiple agencies and award types — were an estimated $99.9 billion in FY2023.[8] USAspending.gov's agency profile for the Department of State (a wider scope than SFOPS, including carryover balances and all accounts) reports FY2026 budgetary resources of about $93.98 billion, with roughly $21.59 billion in total obligations and $11.86 billion in award (contract + assistance) obligations recorded year-to-date.[7] Treat these as agency-wide and partial-year, not industry revenue.
The people. Before the 2025 reorganization, the State Department had more than 14,000 Foreign Service and roughly 13,000 civil-service employees, plus more than 31,000 locally hired Foreign Service Nationals (FSNs) at posts abroad.[16] Its FY2027 plan targets about 11,000 Foreign Service and 6,000 civil-service staff after cuts of roughly 15% of the U.S. workforce.[15] The State agency profile counts about 90,000 total personnel across roughly 290 locations, supported by about 9,000 owned and 16,000 leased assets.[7] Beyond State: Washington alone hosts roughly 175–185 embassies plus well over a thousand consulates nationwide,[17] and the World Bank employs more than 10,000 people (the IMF and Inter-American Development Bank add thousands more).[18]
Bottom line: measured by dollars flowing through it and people employed by it, this is a multi-tens-of-billions, six-figure-headcount activity — but it will never show up that way in private-establishment data, because governments, not companies, do the work.
4. The investable universe
There is no pure public play on international affairs, and there never will be — the core institutions are governments and non-profits that do not issue stock. Investable exposure comes from the contractor and services ecosystem that delivers diplomacy, security, and development programs. Two cautions: (a) exposure is usually a minority of any listed firm's revenue, and (b) the most concentrated implementing partners are private, so the purest exposure is not buyable on an exchange.
Publicly traded firms with exposure (New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) / Nasdaq Stock Market tickers shown; these are exposure proxies, not direct 928120 establishments):
| Company | Ticker | ~Scale (annual revenue) | Relevance / disclosed exposure |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tetra Tech | NASDAQ: TTEK | ~$5B | Engineering + international development. USAID was ~10.6% of FY2025 revenue; that development revenue fell sharply after the 2025 aid freeze, and the firm has re-mixed toward higher-margin engineering, water, and infrastructure work.[19] |
| ICF International | NASDAQ: ICFI | ~$2B | Policy, advisory, and program work, including international development. International-government clients were ~7% of 2025 revenue.[20] |
| Leidos Holdings | NYSE: LDOS | ~$16–17B | Defense/IT and civilian-agency services; supports State, embassies, and diplomatic-security IT. ~87% of FY2025 revenue from U.S. government contracts; ~8% international.[21] |
| SAIC | NASDAQ: SAIC | ~$7B | Federal IT and mission services across national-security and civilian agencies. |
| Booz Allen Hamilton | NYSE: BAH | ~$11–12B | National-security consulting/technology to State, defense, and intelligence clients; foreign military-sales and international-government exposure.[22] |
| CACI International | NYSE: CACI | ~$8B | Intelligence, defense, and federal-civilian technology; more tied to national security than to diplomacy.[23] |
| KBR | NYSE: KBR | ~$7–8B | State Department, intelligence, and allied-government services; overseas project execution is central.[24] |
| Amentum Holdings | NYSE: AMTM | ~$14B | Broad government-services and engineering exposure, primarily adjacent rather than pure diplomacy; began public trading September 30, 2024.[25] |
(Scale figures are approximate size markers drawn from company disclosures/coverage, not precise current revenue.)
Major private / non-corporate owners of the actual work:
- Chemonics International — for many years USAID's single largest contractor and historically ~95% USAID-funded; 100% employee-owned, Washington-based.[12][13]
- DAI Global — the other giant private development firm (Maryland); wholly employee-owned.[12][14]
- Abt Global (formerly Abt Associates), RTI International, Deloitte's federal practice — private firms and research institutes that ran large State/USAID programs.[27]
- Peraton — private national-security and government-technology contractor; a portfolio company of Veritas Capital.[26]
- FHI 360 and a long tail of NGOs and universities — non-profit implementers delivering health, food, and governance aid; not equity investments.[28]
For most retail investors, the practical conclusion is that International Affairs is an influence on a handful of government-services stocks, not an asset class of its own.
5. How the money works
Because the industry's core is government, the usual private metrics — same-store sales, occupancy, net interest margin — do not apply to the code itself. The right lens is the appropriations cycle for the institutions and federal-contracting economics for the private ecosystem.
For the government core, there is no profit and no revenue in the commercial sense. Congress funds Function 150 through the annual appropriations process, which flows through the Department of State, USAID (until 2025), and other foreign-assistance programs.[34] "Success" is measured in appropriated dollars (budget authority), obligations (money legally committed to specific programs), and outlays (money actually paid).[7] The dominant swing factor is politics: the FY2026 fight — a request to more than halve the topline, layered with rescission proposals — is the model of how fast the number can move.[5][6] That volatility is the business-model risk for everyone downstream.
For the private ecosystem, the money works like federal contracting:
- Contract type drives margins. Much aid work is cost-reimbursement ("cost-plus": the government repays costs plus a modest fee) — high revenue, thin and stable margins. Firms have been shifting toward fixed-price engineering and advisory work to lift margins (Tetra Tech's re-mix away from low-margin aid is the clearest example).[19]
- Backlog and book-to-bill are the forward indicators. A firm can hold a multi-billion-dollar contract ceiling that produces nothing if the sponsoring agency stops issuing task orders — which is exactly what happened in 2025.
- Concentration is the hidden risk. Some implementing partners drew nearly all revenue from a single funder (Chemonics ~95% from USAID) — spectacular while the money flowed, catastrophic when it stopped.[12]
Useful diligence metrics for the private layer: funded backlog and new obligations; prime-versus-subcontractor mix; recompete/renewal win rates; labor utilization, attrition, and cleared-staff availability; fixed-price execution risk; cash conversion and working-capital needs; and agency, country, and program concentration.
The unusual feature of this industry's economics: the customer can legally cancel much of the market by executive and congressional action — and in 2025 it largely did.
6. What drives demand
Demand here is policy demand, not consumer or industrial demand. The swing factors:
- The federal budget and its politics. International affairs is a perennial cut target because it is small (~1% of the budget), lacks a large domestic constituency, and is easy to frame as "spending abroad."[4] Elections and administration priorities move it more than any economic cycle.
- Geopolitics. Wars, refugee crises, great-power competition (notably U.S.–China influence contests in the developing world), pandemics, and famines all raise the case for diplomacy and aid — though in 2025 that logic did not prevent deep cuts.
- Overseas infrastructure and security. Embassy construction, maintenance, information systems, and physical protection generate steady contractor work. The Government Accountability Office (GAO) reported that State's Capital Security Construction Program had cost about $40 billion through FY2024, with roughly $2 billion in annual funding since 2015.[9]
- Foreign presence in the U.S. The number of embassies, consulates, and international-organization staff on U.S. soil tracks global engagement and treaty relationships; it is stable and slow-moving.[17][18]
- Multilateral commitments. U.S. funding of the UN, World Bank, IMF, and regional development banks depends on treaty obligations and congressional appropriations — both contested in 2025.
Our judgment: underlying demand for international-affairs capability is durable, but the private revenue opportunity is uneven. Outsourcing, technology modernization, and crisis response favor contractors and specialized implementers; routine administrative work is more exposed to insourcing, program cuts, or consolidation.
7. Regulation
The industry is regulation and statecraft, so the relevant "rules" split between the government core and its private suppliers.
Rules governing the government/multilateral core:
- Congressional appropriations and rescission authority. Congress funds Function 150 annually and can claw back prior appropriations; the 2025 rescission fights were the central event of the year.[6]
- The Foreign Assistance Act and related statutes govern how aid is authorized and delivered.
- Executive authority over foreign affairs. The president directs diplomacy and can reorganize agencies and freeze funds by executive order — Executive Order (EO) 14169 (January 2025) triggered the aid freeze that unwound USAID.[11]
- Diplomatic law. Foreign missions on U.S. soil operate under the Vienna Conventions on diplomatic and consular relations and enjoy immunities; they are hosted, not regulated, by the U.S.
Rules governing private suppliers (a heavier compliance burden):
- The Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), which promotes full and open competition and distinguishes fixed-price from cost-reimbursement contracts.[30]
- The Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), requiring disclosure when an agent of a foreign principal engages in covered political activity or representation before U.S. officials.[31]
- The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), addressing bribery of foreign officials and related accounting controls.[32]
- The Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctions framework — screening, internal controls, testing, and auditing.[33]
- The International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and other export controls for defense-related services, data, and technology.
- Inspector-General oversight and audit. The USAID Office of Inspector General (OIG) has flagged gaps in non-federal audits and controls meant to prevent fraud, waste, and improper payments — including audits of contract terminations after the 2025 shutdown.[29]
Award type matters throughout: a grant, cooperative agreement, contract, or other transaction carries different pricing, audit, reporting, and termination rules.
8. Competitive dynamics and consolidation
Two very different competitive worlds sit under one code.
The government/multilateral core does not "compete" in a market sense; work is allocated by statute and diplomacy. What changes is its scope — and in 2025 the scope shrank violently as USAID's roughly 80%-plus program cancellations folded surviving functions into the State Department.[10][11]
The private contractor market is competitive, relationship-driven, and now consolidating under stress. Durable advantages include security clearances and trusted personnel, prior performance with a specific agency, contract vehicles and proposal infrastructure, country knowledge and local partners, and scale in recruiting, insurance, and overseas logistics. The structure is a barbell: large government-services primes compete for scale-intensive work, while smaller development firms, non-profits, universities, and local organizations compete for specialized or country-specific programs. The 2025 collapse:
- Wiped out much of the pure-play development contracting market almost overnight — Chemonics lost 90-plus contracts and furloughed 600-plus U.S. staff; DAI cut 383 staff; smaller shops shut entirely.[12]
- Rewarded diversification. Survivors were firms with broad federal footprints (Tetra Tech's engineering and water business; the defense/IT books at Leidos, SAIC, Booz Allen, CACI, and KBR) that could absorb the loss of aid revenue. Pure-play aid firms had nowhere to hide.
- Continued a long-running consolidation at the contractor layer. Amentum moved from a private-origin platform to public ownership; Peraton remains a large private, sponsor-backed government-services company.[25][26] In this editor's judgment, distressed development assets, teams, and contract vehicles are likely to be absorbed by diversified or foreign (UK/EU) buyers, and the U.S. share of global aid contracting is likely to fall. Consolidation can add contract access and capabilities, but it also raises integration, leverage, and customer-concentration risk.
9. Risks
- Policy and appropriations risk — dominant and largely unhedgeable. A single election, executive order, continuing resolution, reorganization, or rescission package can halve or gut the funding. 2025 proved this is not theoretical.[6][11]
- Customer-concentration risk. A firm can look diversified yet remain dependent on one agency, one award mechanism, one country, or one political priority; diversification is the only real defense.[12]
- Contract and working-capital risk. Recompetes, protests, delayed awards, fixed-price overruns, and outright termination hit margins and cash. 2025 stop-work orders left contractors with unpaid invoices, stranded inventory, and broken leases — a cash-flow event, not just a revenue event.[12]
- Compliance risk. Sanctions (OFAC), export controls (ITAR), anti-bribery (FCPA), foreign-agent disclosure (FARA), audits, and debarment can create large liabilities.[29][31][32][33]
- Country and security risk. War, terrorism, civil unrest, currency restrictions, and physical threats can disrupt field operations.[24]
- Workforce and human-capital risk. Cleared staff, language skills, technical specialists, and experienced country managers are hard to replace; the government core lost thousands of experienced diplomats and aid experts in 2025, a long-term strategic risk no investor can price.[15][16]
- Aid-integrity and reputation risk. Weak controls, or misconduct by a local partner, subcontractor, or foreign official, can rebound onto the prime contractor.[29]
10. How to invest, and the outlook
Public routes. There is no clean way to "buy international affairs," and no exchange-traded fund (ETF) tracks it. Sort exposure by purity:
- More direct-program exposure (higher aid sensitivity): ICF International and Tetra Tech.
- Broader adjacent exposure (aid is a small, resilient slice): Leidos, SAIC, Booz Allen Hamilton, CACI, KBR, and Amentum.
- Key diligence: revenue from State/USAID programs, international-government revenue, contract type, funded backlog, recompete exposure, agency concentration, leverage, and free-cash-flow conversion.
The lesson from 2025: treat aid-heavy revenue as a risk factor, not a growth story, and prize diversification — as Tetra Tech's sharp USAID decline showed.[19]
Private routes. The purest exposure — Chemonics, DAI, Abt Global, Deloitte's federal practice, the NGO world — is largely not publicly investable. Private-market participants engage through employment, direct contracting/subcontracting, or private credit. Diligence should go deeper into award-level economics: backlog quality, indirect-cost recovery, local-partner controls, audit findings, key-person dependence, debt, and acquisition integration. Employee-owned firms may align staff incentives; sponsor-backed firms may offer consolidation and exit potential but carry more leverage. Distressed and restructuring opportunities in development contractors are a plausible niche after 2025 — but they carry the same policy risk that created the distress. Non-profit operators (FHI 360) can offer program or impact exposure but are not equity investments.[28]
Near-term drivers to watch:
- The annual Function 150 appropriation and any further rescissions — the master switch for the whole ecosystem.[4][6]
- How the State Department runs the aid functions it absorbed from USAID, and whether program spending stabilizes or keeps falling.[10][11]
- Contractor re-mix progress — whether firms like Tetra Tech replace lost aid revenue with higher-margin engineering, water, and defense work.[19]
- Great-power competition, which could revive the strategic case (and funding) for U.S. engagement even in a cost-cutting era.
Outlook. Our base case is durable underlying demand with volatile timing. The strongest businesses should be those with scarce expertise, trusted customer relationships, strong compliance systems, and diversified award mechanisms; the weakest are undifferentiated labor providers dependent on one agency, one political priority, or one large contract. The honest summary: International Affairs is a real and consequential activity worth tens of billions of dollars a year, but it is a government function, not an industry you can own. The tradable exposure is indirect, concentrated in a few contractors, and — as 2025 made unmistakable — governed less by economics than by politics.
Sources
- U.S. Census Bureau, "2022 NAICS: 928120 International Affairs" (definition, index entries, and exclusions to 928110 / 926110 / 813910). https://www.census.gov/naics/?details=928120&input=928120&year=2022
- NAICS Association, "NAICS Code 928120 — International Affairs" (commercial location count, ~740 U.S. locations). https://www.naics.com/naics-code-description/?code=928120
- U.S. Census Bureau, "Economic Census: Understanding NAICS" (Public Administration excluded from Economic Census / CBP / SUSB). https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census/year/2022/guidance/understanding-naics.html
- Congressional Research Service, "Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs: FY2025 Budget and Appropriations," R48231, 2024 (Function 150 ≈ 1% of the federal budget). https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48231
- ONE.org, "The Administration's FY26 International Budget Request & Rescissions," 2025 (FY2024 SFOPS ≈ $62.7B; FY2026 request $31.2B; ≈ $9.6B after rescissions). https://www.one.org/us/what-we-do/the-issues/foreign-assistance/the-administrations-fy26-international-budget-request-rescissions/
- USGLC / Congressional Research Service, "Congress Reaches Agreement on FY26 International Affairs Spending," R48624, 2025/2026 (≈ $50.07B enacted). https://www.usglc.org/the-budget/congress-reaches-agreement-on-fy26-international-affairs-spending/; https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/R48624
- USAspending.gov, "Department of State Spending Profile," 2026 (FY2026 budgetary resources ≈ $93.98B; total obligations ≈ $21.59B; award obligations ≈ $11.86B; ~90,000 personnel, ~290 locations, ~9,000 owned / ~16,000 leased assets). https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-state
- Congressional Research Service, "U.S. Foreign Assistance," IF10183, 2025 (FY2023 foreign-assistance obligations ≈ $99.9B). https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10183
- Government Accountability Office, "Embassy Management: Increasing Costs and Natural Hazards Threaten State's Efforts," GAO-25-107582, 2024 (Capital Security Construction Program ≈ $40B through FY2024; ~$2B/yr since 2015). https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-25-107582
- NPR, "USAID officially shuts down and merges remaining operations with State Department," July 1, 2025. https://www.npr.org/2025/07/01/nx-s1-5451372/usaid-officially-shuts-down-and-merges-remaining-operations-with-state-department
- KFF, "U.S. Foreign Aid Freeze & Dissolution of USAID: Timeline of Events," 2025 (EO 14169; freeze timeline). https://www.kff.org/global-health-policy/u-s-foreign-aid-freeze-dissolution-of-usaid-timeline-of-events/
- Devex / DevelopmentAid, "Chemonics received over 100 US govt terminations" and "Top USAID contractors for 2021" (Chemonics/DAI scale, USAID dependence, 2025 terminations and layoffs). https://www.devex.com/news/chemonics-received-over-100-us-govt-terminations-1-was-rescinded-109590; https://www.developmentaid.org/news-stream/post/141002/top-usaid-contractors-for-2021
- Chemonics International, "International Employee Stock Ownership Plan Fact Sheet," 2023 (100% employee-owned). https://chemonics.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/IESOP_Fact_Sheet_2023-DRAFT-updated-042623.pdf
- DAI, "Frequently Asked Questions," 2026 (wholly employee-owned). https://www.dai.com/faq
- Federal News Network, "State Dept lays off 1,350 employees as reorganization nears final phase," July 2025 (~15% U.S.-workforce cut; FY2027 staffing plan). https://federalnewsnetwork.com/workforce/2025/07/state-dept-prepares-for-widespread-layoffs-as-reorganization-nears-final-phase/
- American Foreign Service Association, "The Foreign Service by the Numbers," 2025 (Foreign Service, civil-service, and FSN headcounts). https://afsa.org/foreign-service-numbers
- Wikipedia, "List of diplomatic missions in Washington, D.C.," 2026 (embassy and consulate counts). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Washington,_D.C
- Wikipedia, "World Bank Group," 2025 (headquarters and employment). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group
- Tetra Tech, Annual Report (Form 10-K), FY2025 (USAID ≈ 10.6% of FY2025 revenue; re-mix away from cost-plus aid work). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/831641/000083164125000032/ttek-20250928.htm
- ICF International, Annual Report (Form 10-K), 2025 (international-government clients ≈ 7% of 2025 revenue). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1362004/000119312526082536/icfi-20251231.htm
- Leidos Holdings, Annual Report (Form 10-K), FY2025 (~87% of revenue from U.S. government contracts; ~8% international). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1336920/000133692026000030/ldos-20260102.htm
- Booz Allen Hamilton Holding, Annual Report (Form 10-K), 2026 (national-security consulting; foreign military-sales / international-government exposure). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1443646/000162828026037521/bah-20260331.htm
- CACI International, Annual Report (Form 10-K), 2025 (intelligence, defense, and federal-civilian technology). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/16058/000162828025038739/caci-20250630.htm
- KBR, Annual Report (Form 10-K), 2026 (State Department, intelligence, and allied-government services; overseas operating risk). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1357615/000135761526000051/kbr-20260102.htm
- Amentum Holdings, Annual Report (Form 10-K), 2025 (began public trading September 30, 2024; broad government-services exposure). https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/2011286/000162828025053993/amtm-20251003.htm
- Peraton and Veritas Capital, "Peraton Appoints Steve Schorer as Chief Executive Officer," 2024 (private, sponsor-backed government-services company). https://www.peraton.com/news/peraton-appoints-steve-schorer-as-chief-executive-officer
- Abt Global, "About," 2026 (private international-development and public-policy contractor). https://www.abtglobal.com/about
- FHI 360, "Who We Are," 2026 (non-profit international-development operator; not an equity investment). https://www.fhi360.org/who-we-are/
- USAID Office of Inspector General, "Non-Federal Audits: Management Gaps Weaken Stewardship of U.S. Foreign Assistance," 2026. https://oig.usaid.gov/node/8010
- Acquisition.gov, "Federal Acquisition Regulation, Subpart 6.1 (competition) and Part 16 (contract types)," 2026. https://www.acquisition.gov/far/subpart-6.1; https://www.acquisition.gov/far/part-16
- U.S. Department of Justice, "Foreign Agents Registration Act: Frequently Asked Questions," 2026. https://www.justice.gov/nsd-fara/frequently-asked-questions
- U.S. Department of Justice and Securities and Exchange Commission, "FCPA Resource Guide," 2024. https://www.justice.gov/criminal/criminal-fraud/fcpa-resource-guide
- U.S. Treasury, Office of Foreign Assets Control, "A Framework for OFAC Compliance Commitments," 2019. https://ofac.treasury.gov/system/files/126/framework_ofac_cc.pdf
- U.S. Department of State, "4 FAH-3 H-114 Budget Process," 2024 (Function 150 appropriations process across State, USAID, and foreign-assistance programs). https://fam.state.gov/fam/04fah03/04fah030110.html